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My Flashcards Year 2 > Derm- physiology and pathophysiology > Flashcards

Derm- physiology and pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

largest vital organ in body

A

skin

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2
Q

What is the outermost layer of skin called?

A

epidermis

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3
Q

Blaschko’s lines

A

developmental growth pattern of skin

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4
Q

type of epithelium in epidermis

A

stratified cellular epithelium

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5
Q

dermis location

A

beneath epidermis

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6
Q

subcutis skin

A

fat layer beneath dermis

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7
Q

what are melanocytes

A

pigment producing cells from neural crest- migrate to epidermis in first three months of foetal development

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8
Q

Which germ layer forms epidermis

A

ectoderm

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9
Q

which germ layer forms dermis

A

formed from mesoderm below ectoderm

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10
Q

which makes up 95% of epidermis

A

keratinocytes

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11
Q

In foetal skin development, which layers are formed after 16 weeks

A

Keratin layer
granular layer
prickle cell layer
basal layer

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12
Q

melanocytes convert _____ to melanin pigment

A

tyrosine

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13
Q

eumelanin colour

A

brown or black

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14
Q

phaeomelanin colour

A

red, yellow

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15
Q

function of langerhans cells

A

involved in the skin immune system

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16
Q

keratin layer of epidermis

A

non-specific
physical barrier to pathogens

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17
Q

keratinocytes produce…

A

Produce antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that can directly kill pathogens

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18
Q

what are langerhans cells

A

antigen presenting cells

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19
Q

which ig mediates type I hypersensitivity reactions (allergy)

A

IgE

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20
Q

which ig mediates type II and type III hypersensitivity reactions

A

IgM, IgG

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21
Q

which cell mediates type IV hypersensitivity reactions

A

TH1 cell mediated

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22
Q

dermo-epidermal junction

A

interface between epidermis and dermis

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23
Q

immune cells of the dermis

A

dendritic cells- dermal DC, plasmacytoid DC
fibroblasts
macrophages
neutrophils
mast cells

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24
Q

Major histocompatability complex (MHC)- chromosome _

A

chromosome 6

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25
Q

Major histocompatability complex (MHC) roles

A

Control the immune response through recognition of self and non-self
Responsible for immunological recognition and transplant rejection

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26
Q

MHC class I found-

A

Found on almost all cells

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27
Q

MHC class II found-

A

Found on antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages)

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28
Q

antigen presenting cells

A

dendritic cells
B cells
macrophages

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29
Q

MHC class I present endogenous/exogenous antigens to _____

A

Present endogenous antigens to cytotoxic T cells

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30
Q

MHC class II present endogenous/exogenous antigens to _____

A

Present exogenous antigens to TH cells

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31
Q

skin glands

A

sebaceous
apocrine
eccrine

32
Q

sebaceous glands functions

A

control moisture loss- provide lubrication
protect from fungal infection

33
Q

largest sebaceous glands found where?

A

face and chest

34
Q

sebaceous glands produce sebums-

A

squalene
wax esters
triglycerol
free fatty acids

35
Q

mechanism of secretion in sebaceous glands

A

holocrine secretion

36
Q

hormonal control of sebaceous glands

A

increased in puberty

37
Q

what are sebaceous glands

A

specialized exocrine glands in the skin that produce and secrete an oily substance called sebum

38
Q

where are apocrine sweat glands found

A

axillae
groin
eyelids
ears
mammary and perineal regions

39
Q

apocrine sweat glands activated by ___

A

hormones- androgen

40
Q

most abundant type of sweat gland in body

A

eccrine sweat gland

41
Q

control of eccrine sweat glands

A

sympathetic cholinergic nerve supply

42
Q

pilosebaceous unit

A

half follicle
hair shaft
arrector pili muscle
sebaceous glands

43
Q

Which layer of skin are langerhans cells found

A

prickle cell layer

44
Q

where do langerhans cells derive from

A

bone marrow

45
Q

which layer of skin are melanocytes found

A

basal layer

46
Q

hair phases of growth

A

anagen
catagen
telogen

47
Q

anagen hair phase of growth

A

growing

48
Q

catagen hair phase of growth

A

involuting

49
Q

telogen hair phase of growth

A

resting

50
Q

is skin metabolically active?

A

yes

51
Q

main role of vitamin D

A

increase the flow of calcium into the bloodstream

52
Q

vitamin D2 present in

A

plants

53
Q

vitamin D3 present/made in

A

small amounts of some foods eg oily fish, meat
skin from sunlight

54
Q

thyroid hormone metabolism

A

thyroxine (T4)- triiodothyronine (T3)

55
Q

T4-T3 conversion occurs where

A

20% in thyroid gland
80% in peripheral tissues including skin

56
Q

which cells are important in the skins immune defence

A

langerhans cells and T cells

57
Q

functions of skin (7)

A

barrier function
metabolism and detoxification
thermoregulation
communication
sensory function
wound healing
immunisation

58
Q

keratin layer aka

A

stratum corneum

59
Q

granular layer aka

A

stratum granulosum

60
Q

prickle cell layer aka

A

stratum spinosum

61
Q

basal cell layer aka

A

stratum basale

62
Q

what are langerhans cells characterised by

A

the birbeck granule (“tennis racquet”)

63
Q

pruritoceptive

A

something (usually dryness/inflammation) in skin triggers itch

64
Q

where do melanocytes derive from

A

neural crest

65
Q

cytotoxic T cells aka

A

CD8 + T cells

66
Q

TH cells aka

A

CD4 + T cells

67
Q

what are merkel cells

A

mechanoreceptors that aid sensation

68
Q

where are merkel cells found

A

between keritanocytes and nerve fibres

69
Q

what do TH1 cells do

A

activate macrophages to destroy microorganisms

70
Q

what do TH2 cells do

A

help B cells make antibodies

71
Q

ratio of melanocytes:basal cells

A

1:10

72
Q

what is an allergy

A

hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system

73
Q

allergic reactions occur when-

A

a persons immune system reacts to normally harmless substances in the environment

74
Q

how long does allergic reaction occur after exposure to allergen in type I allergy

A

immediate- occurs within minutes and up to two hours after exposure

75
Q

how long does allergic reaction occur after exposure to allergen in type IV allergy

A

delayed- 12-24 hours

My Flashcards Year 2 (35 decks)

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