ENT- physiology

Question 1

what is the range of frequencies the average human ear can perceive (Hz)

Answer 1

20 Hz- 20,000 Hz (pitch)

Question 2

the external ear collects sounds and directs sound waves into where?

Answer 2

the tympanic membrane

Question 3

what do vibrations in the tympanic membrane stimulate

Answer 3

the ossicular chain of the middle ear

Question 4

where does the ossicular chain of the middle ear transmit energy to

Answer 4

the cochlea

Question 5

what does the middle ear act as

Answer 5

an amplifier mechanism

Question 6

tympanic membrane aka

Answer 6

the eardrum

Question 7

what is the ratio of the surface area difference between the tympanic membrane and the oval window

Answer 7

18:1

Question 8

what is the oval window

Answer 8

membrane that separates middle ear from inner ear

Question 9

hair cells inside the cochlea bend and this leads to what?

Answer 9

depolarisation

Question 10

which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting auditory signals

Answer 10

cranial nerve VIII

Question 11

what does cranial nerve VIII do in hearing?

Answer 11

transmits electrical signals from inner ear to the brain

Question 12

what is brodmans areas 41/42

Answer 12

specific regions in the brains auditory cortex, located in temporal lobe, specifically superior temporal gyrus

Question 13

at how many weeks in utero can a foetus hear

Answer 13

18 weeks

Question 14

at how many weeks in utero can a foetus respond to sound/voice

Answer 14

26 weeks

Question 15

at birth, how many infants have bilateral severe/profound hearing loss?

Answer 15

1;1,000
many more will have milder losses

Question 16

how old is a baby when they usually start cooing and recognising mothers voice

Answer 16

3 months old

Question 17

typically, how old are babies when they start babbling

Answer 17

6 months old

Question 18

how old is a baby, typically, when they start saying mama/dada

Answer 18

12 months old

Question 19

how many words should a baby know by age 2

Answer 19

50+ words

Question 20

what does the vestibular system control

Answer 20

postural equilibrium
coordination of position of head
movement of the eyes

Question 21

What does the utricle sense in the vestibular system?

Answer 21

horizontal linear movements (eg side to side, forward)

Question 22

what does the saccule sense in the vestibular system?

Answer 22

vertical linear movements (eg moving up/down)

Question 23

name the otolith organs

Answer 23

urticle
saccule

Question 24

the saccule and urticle each contain a sense organ called…?

Answer 24

the macula

Question 25

the maculae in the saccule and urticle are located how far from each other? (degrees)

Answer 25

90 degrees from each other

Question 26

what are otoliths

Answer 26

small granules of calcium and protein , aka ear stones

Question 27

what are otoliths aka

Answer 27

ear stones

Question 28

what are the semicircular canals

Answer 28

three ring-like extensions from the vestibule

Question 29

where at the rings of the semicircular canals located

Answer 29

one in horizontal plane two in vertical plane

Question 30

what is CN VIII called?

Answer 30

vestibulocochlear nerve

Question 31

when the head moves, what happens to endolymph and hair cells in the vestibular apparatus

Answer 31

endolymph moves this causes hair cells to bend

Question 32

what is CN VIII responsible for

Answer 32

hearing and balance

Question 33

what is nystagmus

Answer 33

involuntary eye movement

Question 34

where does the vestibulospinal tract output to

Answer 34

neck back leg muscles

Question 35

what are taste buds responsible for

Answer 35

detecting chemicals in food and sending signals to the brain for interpretation

Question 36

what type of receptors are taste and smell receptors

Answer 36

chemoreceptors

Question 37

what does the structure of a taste bud resemble

Answer 37

slices of an orange

Question 38

what is the lifespan of taste receptor cells

Answer 38

around 10 days

Question 39

what are taste receptor cells constantly replaced by

Answer 39

basal cells

Question 40

how are taste receptor cells electrical signals transmitted to the brain

Answer 40

via afferent nerve fibres

Question 41

which four places are taste buds mainly present

Answer 41

tongue palate epiglottis pharynx

Question 42

the majority of tastebuds sit where

Answer 42

in the papillae of the tongue

Question 43

what are the four types of papillae

Answer 43

filliform fungiform vallate foliate

Question 44

what are the most numerous types of papillae

Answer 44

filiform

Question 45

which type of papillae do not contain taste buds

Answer 45

filiform

Question 46

which type of papillae do contain taste buds

Answer 46

fungiform foliate vallate

Question 47

which three cranial nerves are involved in the process of taste

Answer 47

CN VII- facial nerve CN IX- glossopharyngeal nerve CN X- vagus nerve

Question 48

To remember cranial nerves "Oh oh oh to touch and feel virgin girls vag.... and hymen"

Answer 48

olfactory optic oculomotor trochlear trigeminal abducent facial vestibulocochlear glossopharyngeal vagus accessory hypoglossal

Question 49

where is cranial nerve VII (facial nerve) located in relation to taste sensation

Answer 49

anterior 2/3 of tongue

Question 50

where is cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal) located in relation to taste sensation

Answer 50

posterior 1/3 of tongue

Question 51

where is cranial nerve X (vagus) located in relation to taste sensation

Answer 51

areas other than tongue, eg epiglottis and pharynx

Question 52

what are the 5 primary tastes

Answer 52

bitter sour sweet salty umami (meat or savoury)

Question 53

what primary taste would alkaloids taste like

Answer 53

bitter

Question 54

what primary taste would acids taste like

Answer 54

sour

Question 55

what is aguesia

Answer 55

loss of taste function

Question 56

what is hypoguesia

Answer 56

reduced taste function

Question 57

what is dysguesia

Answer 57

distortion of taste function

Question 58

what is the main cranial nerve involved in smell

Answer 58

olfactory nerve (CN I)

Question 59

what does the olfactory nerve (CN I) do in relation to smell

Answer 59

mediates common odours

Question 60

what does the trigeminal nerve (CN V) do in relation to the nose

Answer 60

has a chemical and non-chemical stimulus protective effect

Question 61

which type of epithelium is the olfactory neuroepithelium composed of

Answer 61

pseudostraified columnar epithelium

Question 62

what is the lifespan of olfactory receptors

Answer 62

~ 2 months

Question 63

Which neurotransmitters are primarily involved in transmitting olfactory signals?

Answer 63

glutamine dopamine

Question 64

what is anosmia

Answer 64

inability to smell

Question 65

what is hyposmia

Answer 65

reduced ability to smell

Question 66

what is dysosmia

Answer 66

altered sense of smell

Question 67

what is phantosmia

Answer 67

smell perceived in the absence of stimulus (olfactory hallucination)

Question 68

what is the stimulant of sweet taste

Answer 68

glucose

Question 69

what are the stimulants of savoury taste

Answer 69

glutamate amino acids

Question 70

which mucosa is associated with smell

Answer 70

olfactory mucosa

Question 71

what are the three main types of cells located in olfactory mucosa

Answer 71

olfactory receptor cell supporting cell basal cell

Question 72

in ordered to be smelled, a substance must be what

Answer 72

sufficiently volatile (can enter nose with inspired air) sufficiently water soluble

Question 73

what does sound frequency dictate

Answer 73

frequency = pitch of sound

Question 74

what does sound amplitude dictate

Answer 74

amplitude = intensity/loudness of sound

Question 75

what type of gland is a salivary gland

Answer 75

exocrine gland

Question 76

what are the three major salivary glands

Answer 76

parotid submandibular sublingual

Question 77

which type of epithelium is found in the throat

Answer 77

resp or squamous epithelium depending on site

Question 78

which type of epithelium is found in the nose

Answer 78

nose, sinus etc- resp nasal vestibule- squamous

Question 79

what are the two primary components of salivary glands and name three cells found in these components

Answer 79

acinar component ductal component - serous cells - mucous cells - myoepithelial cells

Question 80

how do serous cells stain

Answer 80

darkly staining

Question 81

how do mucous cells stain

Answer 81

clear grey staining

Question 82

what do serous cells contain

Answer 82

digestive enzymes including amylase

Question 83

what do mucous cells contain

Answer 83

glycoproteins

Question 84

what structures make up the middle ear

Answer 84

tympanic membrane malleus incus stapes oval window Eustachian tube

Question 85

what three tiny bones make up the ossicular chain of the middle ear

Answer 85

malleus incus stapes

Question 86

is the malleus attached to the tympanic membrane

Answer 86

yes

Question 87

what is the function of the eustachian tube

Answer 87

air pressure equaliser + ventilator for middle ear mucosa

Question 88

is the Eustachian tube open/closed at rest

Answer 88

closed

Question 89

what are the two openings from the middle ear to the cochlea (inner ear)

Answer 89

oval window round window

Question 90

what two structures make up the inner ear

Answer 90

cochlea vestibular sytem

Question 91

what is the fluid system that suspends the otic capsule called

Answer 91

perilymph

Question 92

list the central pathways for sound (ECOLI)

Answer 92

eight cranial nerve cochlear nucleus olivary complex lateral lemniscus inferior colliculus

Question 93

what are ceruminous glands

Answer 93

sweat glands in the ear canal that produce earwax

Question 94

what is Romberg's test

Answer 94

the ability to stand unaided with eyes closed- test of balance

Question 95

what is the pharyngotympanic tube aka

Answer 95

the Eustachian tube