Endo- gynaecomastia + infertility

Question 1

what is gynaecomastia

Answer 1

condition by which males develop breast tissue due to an imbalanced ratio of oestrogen and androgen activity

Question 2

breast cancers develop in what percentage of cases of gynaecomastia

Answer 2

1%

Question 3

what is the most common cause of physiological gynaecomastia in adolescence

Answer 3

delayed testosterone surge relative to oestrogen at puberty

Question 4

what are causes of lack of testosterone that can cause gynaecomastia

Answer 4

klinefelters syndrome
androgen insensitivity
testicular atrophy
renal disease

Question 5

what are causes of increased oestrogen that can cause gynaecomastia

Answer 5

liver disease
hyperthyroidism
obesity
adrenal tumours
certain testicular tumours

Question 6

medications which can cause gynaecomastia

Answer 6

digoxin
metronidazole
spironolactone
chemotherapy
goserelin
antipsychotics
anabolic steroids

Question 7

what is infertility defined as

Answer 7

failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse in a couple who have never had a child

Question 8

what is the commonest cause of anovulation in women

Answer 8

polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)