formative questions Flashcards
which cell is the primary source of testosterone production
leydig cell
what are the resident cells within cartilage called
chondrocytes
what is the appropriate diagnostic investigation to perform on someone with suspected sepsis arthritis
aspiration of synovial fluid
what should patients with systemic sclerosis have yearly screening for
pulmonary involvement- pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis (later complication)
the median nerve supplies which three muscles of the hand
opponens pollicis
abductor pollicis brevis
flexor pollicis brevis
management of displaced intracapsular hip fractures
hemi-athroplasty or total hip replacement
management of undisplaced intracapsular hip fractures
compression hip screw
management of extracapsular intertrochenteric hip fractures
DHS screw
management of extra capsular subtrochenteric hip fractures
IM nail
colles fracture is a fracture of the distal radius with dorsal/volar angulation?
colles- dorsal
smiths- volar
which special test is used in clinical examination for plantar fasciitis
windlass test
which injury is the Simmonds test used to diagnose
achilles tendonitis
which special test is used to diagnose shoulder impingement
the hawkins-kennedy test
which injury is the Thomas test used to diagnose
fixed flexion deformity of the hip
the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage is synthesised by what
chondrocytes
the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage is influenced by what
proteolytic enzymes
which tissue in the hand does dupuytrens contracture primarily affect
palmar fascia
what is the mechanism of action of ibuprofen
act as an antagonist at COX-2, which decreases conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E2
the chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate is predominantly characterised by which cells
plasma cells
lymphocytes
which structure provides the majority of the ejaculate volume
seminal vesicles
Which drug used to treat Type 2 Diabetes works by inhibiting a brush border enzyme in
the small intestine responsible for the absorption of disaccharides?
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor e.g acarbose
What is the major metabolic change that stimulates the secretion of growth hormone?
A decrease in plasma glucose levels
Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type 1 is characterised by the
presence of 2 of 3 major clinical symptoms:
Addison disease, and/or hypoparathyroidism,
and/or chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
what is the risk of parent passing type 1 diabetes onto offspring
5-8%
what is the risk of Monogenic Diabetes (MODY)- glucokinase mutation being passed onto offspring if present in parent
50%
current guidelines suggest stopping metformin when eGFR levels are less than what
<30
what is the management of venous ulcers
compression bandage
Which are the first nodes to receive lymph from superficial structures of the medial
aspect of the leg?
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
a patient undergoes thyroid surgery and wakes up with a horse voice-
which nerve is likely to have been damaged during the operation
recurrent laryngeal nerve
A 23 year old is involved in a road traffic accident and has a laceration through the
cheek. On examination of his face he cant close his eye.
- Which cranial nerve is likely to be damaged?
facial nerve- zygomatic branch
the secondary structure of proteins arise from which bonds formed between atoms of the polypeptide backbone?
hydrogen bonds
keratin is an example of which type of protein
a structural protein
which bonds are important for stabilising the tertiary structure of proteins
disulphide bonds
The triple-helix configuration of collagen gives it greater/weaker tensile strength
greater tensile strength
Plasmodium falciparum is a fungus/protozoa?
protozoa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-positive/gram-negative bacterium that is found where?
gram negative
in the bowel
PCR can be used to identify live and dead bacteria, true/false?
true
Enterobacteriaceae is a family of Gram-negative/gram-positive bacteria normally found where?
gram positive
gut
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoa that infects nearly a third of the worlds population- true/false?
true
a benign tumour of adipose tissue is called what
lipoma
an adenoma is a benign tumour of which cells
epithelial cells
a benign tumour of skeletal muscle is called what
rhabdomyoma
do ACE inhibitors increase/reduce preload and after load
ACE inhibitors reduce preload and afterload
does Venodilation increase/reduce venous return of blood to the heart
reduce
do positive inotropes increase/decrease the force of contraction to the heart
increase
do diuretics increase/reduce preload
reduce preload by reducing blood volume through diuresis
what is an enzyme with a cofactor called
holoenzyme
what is an enzyme without a cofactor called
apoenzyme
what is the sequence of events in primary haemostasis when forming platelet plug
vasoconstriction- platelet adhesion- platelet activation- platelet aggregation
role of enzyme helicase in DNA replication
Helicase is an enzyme that unwinds the two strands of DNA during replication
role of enzyme ligase in DNA replication
Ligase is the enzyme that joins fragments of DNA during replication
anaplastic features strongly suggest what?
malignant growth
the grade of a tumour determines what
how differentiated it is
the stage of a tumour determines what
measure of spread
what are comminuted fractures
fractures that occur in more than two places
typically caused by severe trauma including RTA
when do spiral fractures occur
during rotational movements
Which nerve is most likely injured in a mid-shaft humeral fracture?
ulnar nerve
What is the most common primary malignant bone tumour in young people?
osteosarcoma
A young man presents with anterior shoulder dislocation. What is the most commonly injured nerve?
axillary nerve
Which spinal pathology is characterised by “bamboo spine” on X-ray?
ankylosing spondylitis
What antibody test is most sensitive for SLE
ANA
what is a monteggia fracture
fracture of the proximal third of ulna and dislocation of proximal head of radius
what is a galeazzi fracture
fracture of the distal third of radius and dislocation of radioulnar joint
what is a nightstick fracture
isolated fracture of ulna shaft
