GI 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cephalic phase

A

Increased parasympathetic output from medulla to salivary glands and the ENS

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2
Q

Mechanical digestion

A
  • chewing by teeth
  • tongue and lips help
  • joined by flood of saliva
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3
Q

3 pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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4
Q

4 functions of saliva

A
  • soften and moisten food
  • digestion of carbs (amylase)
  • dissolve foods (taste)
  • defense (lysozyme)
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5
Q

Saliva is an exocrine secretions which means…

A

It is released onto epithelium instead of bloodstream

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6
Q

How much saliva is ?released? per day?

A

1.5L/day

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7
Q

Saliva is __% water and __% solutes

A

99.5% water, 0.5% solutes

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8
Q

acini

A

secretory cells found in clusters

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9
Q

parotid glands

A

watery solution with amylase

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10
Q

submandibular glands

A

similar to parotid plus some mucus

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11
Q

sublingual glands

A

mainly mucus

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12
Q

Saliva secretion is primarily under _________ control.

A

parasympathetic

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13
Q

serous cells

A

secrete watery fluids; no mucus really

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14
Q

deglutition

A

reflex that pushes a bolus of food or liquid into the esophagus

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15
Q

somatic motor outputs

A

to pharynx and upper esophagus

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16
Q

autonomic motor outputs

A

to the lower esophagus

17
Q

Explain process of swallowing

A
  • soft palate elevates and closes nasopharynx
  • larynx moves up and forward, closing trachea
  • upper esophageal sphincter opens
18
Q

Food moving downward into the esophagus is propelled by…and aided by…

A

peristaltic waves, gravity

19
Q

epiglottis

A

helps keep swallowed material out of airways

20
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (heartburn)

A

-negative intrapleural pressure during inspiration can cause esophagus to expand, drawing gastric acid and pepsin from the stomach

21
Q

3 general functions of stomach

A

-storage, digestion, defense

22
Q

receptive relaxation

A

upon swallowing food, parasympathetic neurons to ENS cause funds to relax

23
Q

propulsion

A

moving chyme towards pylorus

24
Q

retropulsion

A

when chyme is moved back to the body (from duodenum to stomach)

25
G cells
release gastrin in response to amino acids, peptides, and distension during short reflex
26
ENS and gastrin production
ENS stimulates gastrin production during long reflex
27
G-cells
stimulate gastric acid secretion
28
direct vs indirect gastric acid secretion secretion
direct: directly from parietal cells indirect: stimulates histamine release from enterochromaffin-like cells, stimulating parietal cells
29
parietal cells
produce 1-3L of historic acid (HCl) daily with a pH as low as 1
30
gastric acid functions
- stimulate release of pepsinogen and cleaves it to pepsin - denatures proteins - kills bacteria and other microorganisms - inactivates amylase from saliva - stimulate D cells
31
pepsin
digests proteins