Cardio 5

Question 1

tone

Answer 1

a state of partial contraction at all times

Question 2

Arteriole diameter is controlled by..

Answer 2

tonic release of norepinephrine

Question 3

increase norepinephrine release onto alpha receptors

Answer 3

blood vessel constricts

Question 4

decrease norepinephrine release onto alpha receptor

Answer 4

blood vessel dilates

Question 5

microcirculation

Answer 5

arterioles, capillaries, and venules

Question 6

metarterioles

Answer 6

act as a capillary bypass vessel located across microcirculations

Question 7

Where does majority of exchange between blood and interstitial space occur?

Answer 7

capillaries

Question 8

Capillaries contain a single thin endothelial layer surrounded by..

Answer 8

a basal lamina (extracellular matrix)

Question 9

fenestrations

Answer 9

membrane lined conduits running through cells to allow transport

Question 10

continuous capillary

Answer 10

most common; thicker endothelial cells with no fenestrations and only allow passage of water and small ions through tight junctions

Question 11

fenestrated capillary

Answer 11

thin endothelial cells perforated with fenestrations with thin diaphragm for small molecules

Question 12

discontinuous capillary

Answer 12

no basal membrane; contain large fenestrations and gaps between endothelial cells

Question 13

transcellular transport

Answer 13

diffusion across endothelial cell membrane

Question 14

paracellular transport

Answer 14

diffusion through interendothelial junctions, pores and fenestrations

Question 15

transcytosis

Answer 15

combination of endocytosis, vesicular transport, and exocytosis that transport macromolecules across endothelial cells

Question 16

volume reservoir

Answer 16

venous circulation; systemic veins

Question 17

pressure reservoir

Answer 17

systemic arteries (ventricular relaxation)

Question 18

angiogenesis

Answer 18

formation of new blood vessels

Question 19

Adult microcirculation is rather constant with the exceptions of..

Answer 19

vessel growth during wound healing, endurance training, inflammation, tumor growth and in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle

Question 20

angiogenic grwoth factors

Answer 20

activate receptors on endothelial cells

Question 21

activated endothelial cells

Answer 21

produce proteases that degrade the basal lamina so it can move away from the parent vessel and proliferate into surrounding matrix to form sprouts that form loops to become vessel lumen

Question 22

promoters of angiogenesis

Answer 22

vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and Angiopoietin 1

Question 23

inhibitors of angiogenesis

Answer 23

endostatin, angiostatin, and angiopoietin 2

Question 24

ventricular contraction

Answer 24

creates force necessary to propel blood through cardio system causing them to stretch

Question 25

ventricular relaxation

Answer 25

semilunar valve shuts preventing flow back into ventricle and elastic recoil of arteries sends blood forward into rest of circulatory system

Question 26

blood pressure highest in __________ and ___________ throughout circuit

Answer 26

aorta, decreases

Question 27

aortic pressure highest during ________ and lowest during _________.

Answer 27

systole, diastole

Question 28

pulse pressure

Answer 28

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

Question 29

pulse pressure normally only exists on ….

Answer 29

arterial/arteriole side of circuit

Question 30

mean arterial blood pressure

Answer 30

diastolic pressure + 1/3(pulse pressure)

Question 31

hypotension

Answer 31

when blood pressure falls too low

Question 32

hypertension

Answer 32

when blood pressure is chronically elevated

Question 33

hypertension can cause…

Answer 33

vessel walls to weaken and rupture/leak (aka, stroke/cerebral hemorrhage)