Cardio 3

Question 1

tachycardia

Answer 1

fast >70/72 bpm

Question 2

bradycardia

Answer 2

slow <70/72 bpm

Question 3

What is the heart rate?

Answer 3

P to P or R to R

Question 4

arrhythmia

Answer 4

abnormal rhythm; can appear as longated segments or intervals, altered, missing or additional waves.

Question 5

premature ventricular contractions

Answer 5

-purkinje fibres kick in as pacemaker due to insufficient oxygen to myocardium; perceived as skipped beat or palpitation

Question 6

long QT syndrome

Answer 6

• inherited

- delayed repolarization of ventricles

Question 7

cardiac cycle

Answer 7

one complete contraction and relaxation

Question 8

diastole

Answer 8

when cardiac muscle relaxes

Question 9

systole

Answer 9

when cardiac muscle contracts

Question 10

5 phases of a single cardiac cycle

Answer 10

-The heart at rest: atrial and ventricular diastole (late diastole)
-completion of ventricular filling (atrial systole)
-Early ventricular contraction (isovolumetric ventricular contraction)
-The heart pumps (ventricular ejection)
-Ventricular relaxation (isovolumetric ventricular relaxation, early
diastole)

Question 11

late diastole

Answer 11

both sets of chambers are relaxed and ventricles fill passively

Question 12

atrial systole

Answer 12

atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into ventricles

Question 13

isovolumetric ventricular contraction

Answer 13

first phase of ventricular contraction pushes AV value closed, but does not create enough pressure to open semilunar valves - LUB

Question 14

ventricular ejection

Answer 14

as ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in arteries, the semilunar valves open and blood is ejected

Question 15

isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

Answer 15

-as ventricles relax; pressure in ventricle falls, blood falls back into cusps of semilunar valves and snaps them close

Question 16

EDV

Answer 16

end diastolic volume; maximal amount of blood in the ventricles after filling; ~ 135mL

Question 17

ESV

Answer 17

the volume of blood left over after contraction; ~65mL

Question 18

A-A’ segment of pressure volume loop

Answer 18

starts at ESV
-(late diastole) pressure in ventricle is lower than atria and the AV valve opens causing the ventricle to passively fill with blood

Question 19

A’-B segment of pressure volume loop

Answer 19

• (atrial systole) atria contracts forcing more blood into the ventricle slightly increasing volume and pressure
• EDV

Question 20

B-C segment of pressure volume loop

Answer 20

(isovolumetric contraction) the ventricle begins contracting closing AV valve, continued contraction causes a large increase in pressure within the ventricle

Question 21

C-D segment of pressure volume loop

Answer 21

(ventricular ejection) Once pressure in ventricle rises above ~80mm Hg, it exceeds the aorta and the aortic valve opens causing a rapid ejection of blood

Question 22

D-A segment

Answer 22

isovolumetric relaxation; pressure in aorta begins to exceed ventricle causing semi-lunar valve to close, ventricle continues to relax

Question 23

D - Wiggers Diagram

Answer 23

ventricle relaxes, pressure in atria begins to exceed ventricle -AV valve opens and you get the passive filling of the ventricle
-Atria then contracts increasing the volume and pressure slightly

Question 24

C - wiggers diagram

Answer 24

ventricle beings to contract, increasing pressure within ventricle causing the AV valves to snap shut (LUB)

Question 25

E - wiggers diagram

Answer 25

EDV

Question 26

A - wiggers diagram

Answer 26

ventricle contracts until it exceeds pressure in aorta

Question 27

E to F - wiggers diagram

Answer 27

aortic valve opens and yogurt rapid ejection of blood

Question 28

B - wiggers diagram

Answer 28

pressure in aorta starts to exceed ventricle causing semilunar valve to shut
-DUB

Question 29

SV

Answer 29

stroke volume; amount of blood ejected during contraction; ~70mL

Question 30

SV=

Answer 30

EDV-ESV

Question 31

total blood flow (cardiac output) =

Answer 31

heart rate x stroke volume in L/min