Blood

Question 1

Total blood volume is ~ ___% of total body weight

Answer 1

7-8%

Question 2

hematocrit

Answer 2

RBCs; 40-45%

Question 3

Buffy coat

Answer 3

WBCs and platelets; 1%

Question 4

Plasma

Answer 4

white solution of electrolytes, plasma proteins, carbs, and lipids

Question 5

hematopoiesis

Answer 5

production of blood cells; 75% WBC, 25% RBC

Question 6

Which have a longer lifespan….WBC or RBC?

Answer 6

red blood cells (4months)

Question 7

cytokines

Answer 7

proteins or peptides released from one cell that affect growth of activity in another cell

Question 8

cytokines involved in hematopoiesis

Answer 8

erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis, thrombopoiesis

Question 9

Distinctive shape of RBCs…

Answer 9

increase surface to volume ratio

Question 10

RBCs major tasks

Answer 10

• carrying O2 from lungs to tissue
• carrying CO2 from tissues to lungs
• assisting in buffering of acids and bases

Question 11

~96% of dry weight in RBCs consists of….

Answer 11

hemoglobin

Question 12

A hemoglobin molecule is composed of 4 ________, each entered around a _____ group.

Answer 12

global chains, heme

Question 13

Each heme group consists of…

Answer 13

a porphyria ring with an iron atom in the centre

Question 14

Hemoglobin synthesis requires…

Answer 14

iron

Question 15

2 major groups of WBCs

Answer 15

granulocytes and non-granule containing lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 16

ganulocytes

Answer 16

contain cytoplasmic granules visualized under microscope

-brief lifespan

Question 17

3 types of granulocytes

Answer 17

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

Question 18

neutrophil

Answer 18

most abundant leukocyte, contain granules with lysosomal enzymes capable of phagocytosis

Question 19

eosinophil

Answer 19

granules containing Major Basic Protein (MBP), which is toxic to parasites and other enzymes
-important in response to viruses and in allergic rxns

Question 20

basophil

Answer 20

least common granulocyte, granules contain histamine, heparin, and peroxidase and play a role in allergic rxns

Question 21

2 types of non-granule containing WBCs

Answer 21

lymphocytes, monocytes

Question 22

2 types of lymphocytes

Answer 22

T-cells and B-cells

Question 23

T-cells

Answer 23

70-80% of all lymphocytes

-responsible for cell mediated immunity, does not involve antibodies

Question 24

B-cells

Answer 24

responsible for humeral immunity; make antibodies to antigens

Question 25

monocytes

Answer 25

spend life in peripheral tissues developing into macrophages

Question 26

monocytes purpose

Answer 26

- phagocytosis of pathogen or cellular debris | - present antigens to lymphocytes

Question 27

2 special types of granules in platelets

Answer 27

- dense core granules | - alpha granules

Question 28

dense core granules

Answer 28

contain ATP, ADP, serotonin, and calcium

Question 29

alpha granules

Answer 29

store con Willebrand factor, platelet fibrinogen, and clotting factor V

Question 30

Platelets are essential for..

Answer 30

hemostasis (blood clotting)

Question 31

3 step process of hemostasis

Answer 31

- vasoconstriction - platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug - clot: reinforced platelet plug

Question 32

What triggers vasoconstriction?

Answer 32

- injury to vascular smooth muscle | - release of paracrine signals from damaged endothelial cells or platelets

Question 33

Describe platelet plug formation

Answer 33

- breach of endothelium exposes interns to collagen, fibronectin, and laminin, causing platelets to bind - intact endothelium release substances to prevent platelets from binding

Question 34

von willebrand factor

Answer 34

causes platelets to form molecular bridges between one another

Question 35

coagulation/clot

Answer 35

a fibrin protein mesh stabilizes the platelet plug into a clot

Question 36

After coagulation cascade, clot is a...

Answer 36

semisolid mass of platelets and fibrin with RBCs, WBCs, and serum

Question 37

Intrinsic pathway

Answer 37

surface contact pathway; factor XII converted to XIIa (activated form) to factor Xa through proteolysis

Question 38

extrinsic pathway

Answer 38

cell injury pathway; factor VII becomes activated VIIa to Xa; protease rxns accusing outside the vascular system

Question 39

common pathway

Answer 39

factor Xa produced from intrinsic and extrinsic pathway join together with factor Va and calcium to create prothrombinase

Question 40

prothrombinase converts prothrombin to ..

Answer 40

thrombin

Question 41

thrombin

Answer 41

a central protease of the coagulation cascade | -also activates factor XIII to XIIIa which assists in forming fibrin polymers into fibrin mesh

Question 42

fibrinogen

Answer 42

cleaved by thrombin to fibrin monomers

Question 43

fibrin monomers

Answer 43

spontaneously polymerize to form a gel of fibrin polymers that weaves through plug and traps blood cells

Question 44

hemophilia

Answer 44

Several diseases in which one of the factors in the coagulation cascade is defective or lacking

Question 45

Hemophilia A

Answer 45

a factor VIII deficiency | -most common, 80%

Question 46

Mehophilia B

Answer 46

factor IX deficiency

Question 47

prostacyclin and NO prevent ..

Answer 47

platelet binding

Question 48

anticoagulants

Answer 48

antithrombin II, thrombomodulin, protein S and C

Question 49

fibrinolysis

Answer 49

- breakdown of blood clots | - conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin, and subsequent fibrinolysis