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Physiology > Exam 6: Respiratory Introduction > Flashcards

Exam 6: Respiratory Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cell types found in the alveolus?

A 
Epithelial type I and II
Macrophages
Polymorphonuclear cells
Mast cells
Clara cells
Endothelial cells
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2
Q

What is the function of epithelial type I cells?

A

Occupies the vast majority of alveolar surface area and lines the alveolus
Responsible for gas exchange

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3
Q

What is the function of epithelial type II cells?

A

Responsible for surfactant production and for repair of epithelial damage

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4
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

Phagocytize

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5
Q

What is a PMN cell?

A

An abundant white blood cell found in the peripheral blood of many mammals

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6
Q

Describe mast cells

A

Immune function

WBC that contains histamines and heparin

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7
Q

Describe clara cells

A

Found at the level of the bronchiole and have a secretory function
May also play a role in epithelial regeneration after injury

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8
Q

Where are endothelial cells found?

A

Inner lining of alveolus

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9
Q

What is the symbol for partial pressure of oxygen in mixed venous blood?

A

PvO2 with a line over the v

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10
Q

What is the symbol for carbon dioxide production?

A

VCO2

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11
Q

What is the symbol for expired minute ventilation?

A

V_E with a dot over the V

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12
Q

What is the symbol for tidal volume?

A

V_T

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13
Q

What are the 3 functions of the nasal cavity?

A

Warms, filters, and humidifies inspired air

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14
Q

What is the contribution to resistance during normal breathing for the nasal cavity?

A

50%

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15
Q

What is the contribution to resistance during normal breathing for the trachea?

A

20%

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16
Q

Describe the mucosa of the trachea

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Goblet/apocrine cells that secrete a portion of the fluid that lines the airway

17
Q

Describe the tracheal lumen

A

Lined by ciliary cells that contribute to the mucociliary apparatus

18
Q

What is the mucociliary apparatus?

A

Where cilia sweep mucus and foreign particles up an out of the trachea

19
Q

What is found in the submucosa of the trachea?

A

Basal cells

20
Q

Compare and contrast the structure of the trachea to the bronchioles

A

Trachea has cartilaginous support (cartilaginous rings), but the bronchioles do not
The epithelium in the trachea is pseudostratified ciliated columnar and the bronchioles have cuboidal ciliated epithelium
Gas exchange does not occur in either area
The bronchioles are supported by surrounding parenchyma
There is not submucosal glandular tissue in the bronchioles
There are clara cells ad muscular walls in the bronchioles

21
Q

What is the major muscle responsible for quiet inspiration?

A

Diahphragm

22
Q

What are the accessory muscles for quiet inspiration?

A

Sternomastoids and scalene

The cricoarytenoideus dorsalis and dilator nasoapicalis are 2 of the muscles of inspiration

23
Q

How do you calculate dead space? What are the variables?

A 
VD/VT = PaCO2 – PECO2 / PaCO2 
PaCO2 = concentration of alveolar carbon dioxide 
PECO2 = partial pressure of expired carbon dioxide
VD = dead space
VT = tidal volume
24
Q

How do you calculate alveolar gas tension? What are the variables?

A

PAO2 = PIO2 – (PaCO2/R)
R = between 0.8 (carnivore) and 1 (herbivore)
PIO2 = (atmospheric pressure – water pressure) (FO2)
PaCO2 is about a 1:1 ratio with PACO2 at the level of the alveoli

25
Q

What are tests that can be used to assess pulmonary function?

A

Blood gas analysis
Capnography
Pulse oximetry

26
Q

What are tests used to asses the respiratory system but do not test pulmonary function?

A

Radiography
Bronchoscopy
Cytology/biopsy
Thracoscopy/thoracotomy

27
Q

What is the expected partial pressure of oxygen in systemic arterial blood?

A

85-100 mmHg

28
Q

What is the expected partial pressure of oxygen in blood form the pulmonary artery?

A

40 mmHg

29
Q

What is the expected partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolus?

A

104 mmHg

30
Q

Calculate the PO2 of the moist inspired gas of a dog standing on the summit of Mount Everest (PB=247)

A

aPO2= (PB-PH2O) x FiO2
= (247-47) x .21
= 42mmHg

Physiology (70 decks)

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