Exam 5: Exocrine Pancreas

Question 1

What does the bile duct enter in dogs?

Answer 1

Major duodenal papilla

Question 2

What is the most important duct in dogs?

Answer 2

Accessory pancreatic duct

Question 3

Where does the accessory pancreatic duct enter in dogs?

Answer 3

Minor duodenal papilla separate from bile duct

Question 4

Describe the pancreatic duct in dogs

Answer 4

Less important
May not be present
Empties into major duodenal papilla separate from bile duct

Question 5

What is the most important duct in cats?

Answer 5

Pancreatic duct

Question 6

What does the pancreatic duct enter in cats?

Answer 6

Major duodenal papilla after joining with the common bile duct first

Question 7

Describe the accessory pancreatic duct in cats

Answer 7

Only present in 20% of cats

Question 8

What are the functions of the exocrine pancreas?

Answer 8

Release of inactive digestive enzymes
Neutralization of gastric acid
Secretion of intrinsic factor

Question 9

What is intrinsic factor secreted by in humans?

Answer 9

Parietal cells

Question 10

What does intrinsic factor do?

Answer 10

Facilitates B12 absorption in the distal small intestine

Question 11

What happens from a lack of B12?

Answer 11

Pernicious anemia in people

Diarrhea in dogs and cats

Question 12

What does bicarbonate do?

Answer 12

Neutralizes gastric acid

Question 13

What does the neutralization of gastric acid by bicarb do?

Answer 13

Intestinal mucosa protection

Question 14

What is necessary for enzyme activity?

Answer 14

Increased pH

Question 15

What is bicarb released by?

Answer 15

Ductal cells

Question 16

What pancreatic safeguards protect from auto-digestion?

Answer 16

Zymogen synthesis (proteases)
Segregation into vacuoles in acinar cell
Trypsin inhibitors in cytoplasm
Sphincter at pancreatic duct

Question 17

What does the sphincter at pancreatic duct do?

Answer 17

Inhibits reflux

Question 18

What are the inactive zymogens?

Answer 18

Prozymes:

Trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen

Question 19

What is required for zymogen?

Answer 19

Activation

Question 20

What is zymogen synthesized by?

Answer 20

Ribosomes

Question 21

Where does the formation and storage of zymogen occur?

Answer 21

In vesicles (“granules”)

Question 22

Describe the process that leads to zymogen secretion

Answer 22

Stimulation of cell
Fusion of granules to plasma membrane
Release of content into glandular lumen
Secretion into duodenum

Question 23

Where does zymogen activation occue?

Answer 23

In duodenum

Question 24

Describe enterokinase

Answer 24

Brush border enzyme

Activates trypsinogen into trypsin

Question 25

What does trypsin activate?

Answer 25

Trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen

Question 26

What do trypsin inhibitors do?

Answer 26

Prevent activation or trypsin

Question 27

Where are trypsin inhibitors formed and stored?

Answer 27

In acinar cytoplasm

Question 28

What are trypsin inhibitors secreted by?

Answer 28

Acinar cells

Question 29

What is an examples of a trypsin inhibitor?

Answer 29

α-2 macroglobulin

Question 30

Describe α-2 macroglobulin

Answer 30

Synthesized in liver | Helps remove proteases from plasma

Question 31

Describe the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion

Answer 31

Minor: 20% | Smelling, tasting, chewing

Question 32

Describe the gastric phase of pancreatic secretion

Answer 32

When food enters the stomach | Gastric distention

Question 33

Describe the intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion

Answer 33

Most important phase | Begins when food hits the small intestine

Question 34

What is the regulation of the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion?

Answer 34

Neuronal

Question 35

Describe the process of pancreatic fluid and bicarb secretion in the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion

Answer 35

Vagus nerve stimulates the parietal cell to secrete H+ Duodenal secretin release Pancreatic fluid and bicarb secretion

Question 36

Describe the process of secretin secretion in the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion

Answer 36

Vagus nerve stimulates gastrin release from antral G cells Stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion and parietal cells to secrete H+ Secretin secretion

Question 37

What can be the result of a dog smelling food if it has pancreatitis due to the cephalic phase?

Answer 37

It may be painful