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Physiology > Exam 1 – Lecture 6: Dr Beasley Neuro-Muscular > Flashcards

Exam 1 – Lecture 6: Dr Beasley Neuro-Muscular Flashcards

1
Q

What does afferent mean?

A

Towards the central nervous system to control sensory input

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2
Q

What does efferent mean?

A

Away from the central nervous system to control motor output

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3
Q

What are the parts of a neuron?

A

Dendrite
Cell body
Axon

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4
Q

What does a dendrite do?

A

Input

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5
Q

What does an axon do?

A

Output

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons?

A

Multipolar
Pseudounipolar
Bipolar

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7
Q

What does a multipolar neuron do?

A

Motor

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8
Q

What does a pseudounipolar neuron do?

A

Sensory

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9
Q

What does a bipolar neuron do?

A

Special sensory (smell and vestibular)

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10
Q

Where is a synapse?

A

Between axon:dendrite and axon:muscle

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11
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A

Nerves, neuromuscular junction, muscles

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12
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

What is a group of neurons called inside the CNS?

A

Nuclei

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14
Q

What is a group of axons called inside the CNS?

A

Tracts

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15
Q

What is a group of neurons called outside the CNS?

A

Ganglia

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16
Q

What is a group of axons called outside of the CNS?

A

Nerves

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17
Q

What does the brain receive signals from?

A

Body receptors

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18
Q

What are signals?

A

Afferent input from various receptors

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19
Q

What signals do exteroceptors do?

A

Touching

Nociceptors

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20
Q

What signals do proprioceptors do?

A

Stretching of muscles/joints/tendons

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21
Q

What gets signals from outside the body?

A

Extroceptors

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22
Q

What are the different exteroceptors?

A 
Mechano-receptor
Chemo-receptor
Photo-receptor
Thermo-receptor
Nociceptor
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23
Q

What gets signals from inside the body?

A

Proprioceptors

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24
Q

What are the different proprioceptors?

A

Muscles
Tendons
Joints

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25
Q

What allows you to walk without tripping?

A

Tracts from the spinal cord to proprioceptors in the brain

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26
Q

What are the proprioceptors to cerebellum tracts that impact the forelimbs?

A

Cuneocerebellar tract

Rostral spinocerebellar

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27
Q

What are the proprioceptors to cerebellum tracts that impact the hindlimbs?

A

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract

Ventral spinocerebellar tract

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28
Q

What are the proprioceptors to cerebrum tracts that impact the forelimbs?

A

Fasciculus cuneatus

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29
Q

What are the proprioceptors to cerebrum tracts that impact the hindlimbs?

A

Fasciculus gracilis

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30
Q

What is proprioception? What does it require when testing exteroceptors?

A

Testing proprioceptors and mechanoreceptors

Brain input

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31
Q

Does testing proprioceptors with reflexes require brain input?

A

No

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32
Q

What is an example of normal sciatic hind limb reflexes?

A

When you hit the muscle bellies causing microstretching and it results in reflexive contraction

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33
Q

What sciatic nerve is associated with the cranial tibial?

A

Peoneal nerve

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34
Q

What sciatic nerve is associated with the gastroc?

A

Tibial nerve

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35
Q

What nerve is associated with withdrawal in the stifle and hock?

A

Sciatic

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36
Q

When testing exteroceptors, does pain sensation require brain input? Does withdrawal?

A

Yes

No

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37
Q

What is the difference between withdrawal and pain sensation?

A

Withdrawal is when you are using minimal pain. It is a reflex
Pain sensation requires conscious recognition of the pain

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38
Q

What are the 2 different types of motor systems?

A

Pyramidal system

Extrapyramidal system

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39
Q

Which motor system do humans use?

A

Pyramidal

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40
Q

What is the pyramidal system important in?

A

Higher species (primates) for fine motor control

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41
Q

What is the pyramidal system?

A

Direct connection of brain to area of spine which controls muscles

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42
Q

What is the extrapyramidal system important in?

A

Lower species

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43
Q

What is the extrapyramidal system?

A

Brain to brainstem to area of spine which controls muscles

Not a direct connection

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44
Q

What area of the spine controls muscles?

A

Ventral horn

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45
Q

How are signals transmitted?

A

Action potentials

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46
Q

How do we get action potentials?

A

There must be membrane potential

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47
Q

Why does membrane potential exist?

A

Because of electrical and concentration difference between the inside and outside of neuronal cell

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48
Q

Does the inside of the cell have more sodium or potassium than the outside?

A

Potassium

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49
Q

Does the outside of the cell have more sodium or potassium than the inside?

A

Sodium

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50
Q

What is membrane potential determined by?

A

Membrane permeability
Diffusion potentials
Na/K pump

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51
Q

Which has a higher permeability, K or Na?

A

K, 50x

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52
Q

How much more K is inside the cell than outside?

A

30x

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53
Q

What are cell membranes more permeable to?

A

Potassium

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54
Q

What is potassium exiting the cell based on?

A

Concentration gradients

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55
Q

What is sodium entering the cell based on?

A

Concentration and electrical gradients

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56
Q

What do energy dependent Na/K pumps do?

A

Expel Na in exchange for K to maintain concentration gradient

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57
Q

How much of the total energy requirements in resting state does the Na/K use?

A

1/3

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58
Q

When does the pump fire faster?

A

With increasing intracellular Na concentrations

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59
Q

What does sodium inside the cell determine?

A

Osmotic balance

60
Q

If action potential continues for long periods of time, what happens?

A

Sodium enters the cell faster than it can be pumped out and water increases inside the cell

61
Q

What does action potential do?

A

Uses concentration/voltage gradient to propagate a signal down the nerve

62
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

A safe guard

63
Q

What happens in action potential-depolarization?

A

Ligand gated Na channels open and allow Na to enter the cell. Membrane potential changes to a certain voltage and the voltage gate Na channels open allowing an influx of sodium to enter

64
Q

What happens in action potential-repolarization?

A

Na channels close after a set amount of time
Na/K ATPase pumps go into overdrive
K channels open allowing K to leave the cell

65
Q

What does overcompensation of K lead to?

A

Hyperpolarization

66
Q

What does hyperpolarization do?

A

Keeps action potential going in one direction

67
Q

How does nerve conduction flow?

A

Cell body, axon, synapse

68
Q

What does myelin allow for in the myelinated axons?

A

Keeps from all sodium channels having to be open at once

69
Q

What is the speed of conduction determined by?

A

Diameter/internal resistance
Membrane resistance/insulation
Capacity of membrane

70
Q

What is myotonia?

A

Occurs when there are abnormalaties of channels

Inability to relax after voluntary muscle contraction (muscles all act at once)

71
Q

What happens in Cushing’s disease?

A

There is too much steroid production

72
Q

How can Cushing’s disease by diagnosed?

A

Electromyography

73
Q

What is hyperkalemic periodic paralysis?

A

Horses, progeny of Impressive

Episodic muscle weakness and trembling

74
Q

What is hypokalemic myopathy?

A

Decreased extracellular potassium causes increase in membrane potential

75
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A connection between the nerve and muscle cell or nerve and another nerve

76
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

The space between the synaptic vesicle and the muscle membrane

77
Q

What are the different parts of the synapse?

A

Axon terminal/Bouton
Presynaptic membrane
Synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic membrane

78
Q

What is the process that occurs within the synapse?

A

Action potential reaches the bouton
Depolarization opens the voltage-gated Ca channels
Increased intracellular Ca causes exocytosis of synaptic vesicles releasing neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitter binds to the receptor on postsynaptic membrane

79
Q

When the action potential travels down the axon, what happens?

A

It is opening the Na channels

80
Q

What is the neurotransmitter inactivated by?

A

Diffusion
Enzymatic degradation
Reuptake transporter proteins

81
Q

What drugs can alter the function of the synapse and how?

A

Prozac-selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Cocaine- inhibits dopamine reuptake transporter

82
Q

How is acetylcholine made?

A

Choline and acetyl-coenzyme A via choline acetyltransferase

83
Q

What are the neurons that make acetylcholine called?

A

Cholinergic neurons

84
Q

What are the receptors for acetylcholine?

A 
Ionotropic nicotinic (somatic)
Metabotroic muscarinic receptors (autonomic)
85
Q

What does a nicotinic receptor do?

A

Excitatory synaptic actions, opens Na channels in skeletal muscles

86
Q

What does curare do?

A

Blocks nicotinic receptors and used to paralyze

87
Q

What does alpha-bungarotoxin (snake venom) do?

A

Binds to nicotinic receptors and blocks the effect of acetylcholine

88
Q

What does a muscarinic receptor do?

A

Inhibitor or excitatory of smooth muscles

89
Q

What are examples of antagonistic muscarinic receptors?

A

Atropine and scopolamine

90
Q

What happens in the neuromuscular junction?

A

Ach is released and the Ach receptors at the top of subneural cleft let Na in

91
Q

What is the voltage gated Na at the bottom of the subneural cleft triggered by?

A

Influx of Na from Ach channels

92
Q

What are the 5 subunits of the Ach receptor?

A

2 alpha
Beta
Delta
Gamma

93
Q

How many Ach attach to the 2 alpha subunits of the Ach receptor?

A

2 (one on each)

94
Q

What is the most common ion to flow through to the intracellular location?

A

Na

95
Q

What does the attachment of Ach to the alpha subunits cause?

A

An influx of Na triggering action potential

96
Q

What does botulism toxin do?

A

Decreases release of Ach from presynaptic membrane

97
Q

What does botulism toxin cause?

A

Flaccid paralysis
Muscle weakness
Tongue weakness
GI paralysis

98
Q

What happens during Myasthenia gravis?

A

Antibodies are made against Ach receptors and Ach can’t bind

99
Q

How can myasthenia gravis be treated?

A

Achesterase inhibitors

100
Q

What do achesterase inhibitors allow for?

A

Ach to stay in synaptic cleft longer to find any remaining Ach receptors that haven’t been attacked yet

101
Q

What is myasthenia gravis a disease of?

A

Skeletal muscle

102
Q

What causes tick paralysis?

A

Dermacentor andersoni and variabilis

Engorged female tick

103
Q

What happens when the female tick bites an animal?

A

It inhibits the release of Ach which leads to rapid paralyses and absent reflexes

104
Q

How can tick paralysis be treated?

A

Removal of the tick

105
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A single motor neuron innervating a few or many muscle fibers

106
Q

What does a small motor unit allow for?

A

Precise control (extraocular muscles)

107
Q

What does a large motor unit allow for?

A

Coarse control (quadriceps muscle)

108
Q

What is the muscle fiber membrane called?

A

Sarcolemma

109
Q

What is actin also known as?

A

Thin filaments

110
Q

What is actin connected to?

A

Z disks

111
Q

What is myosin also known as?

A

Thick filaments

112
Q

What does myosin do?

A

Articulates with the actin filaments

113
Q

Look at the anatomy of a myofibril

A

Look at the anatomy of a myofibril

114
Q

What does the I band contain?

A

Actin

115
Q

What does the A band contain?

A

Myosin and actin

116
Q

Where is the Z disk located? What does it do?

A

At the end of actin

Anchors

117
Q

What is the portion of myofibril between 2 Z disks known as?

A

Sarcomere

118
Q

What is the suspended portion in intracellular matrix called?

A

Sarcoplasm

119
Q

What does the sarcoplasm contain?

A

Mitochondria and saroplasmic reticulum

120
Q

What is myosin made of?

A

2 heavy chains (MW 200, 000)
4 light chains (MW 20, 000)
Head region

121
Q

What is the head region of myosin the site of?

A

ATPase activity

122
Q

What do the tails of many myosin do?

A

Bundle together to make the body of the myosin filament

123
Q

What attaches the actin filament to myosin?

A

The heads that have an arm stick out to the side for attachment

124
Q

What makes up actin?

A

Tropomyosin and troponin

125
Q

What does tropomyosin do?

A

Covers active sites

Prevents interaction with myosin

126
Q

What are the 3 types of troponin?

A

I, T, and C

127
Q

What does troponin I do?

A

Binds actin

128
Q

What does troponin T do?

A

Binds tropomyosin

129
Q

What does troponin C do?

A

Binds calcium

130
Q

What happens when calcium is released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Troponin makes tropomyosin stop covering active sites so actin and myosin can bind

131
Q

What does contraction of muscle result from?

A

The sliding action of interdigitating actin and myosin filaments

132
Q

What are transverse tubules?

A

Invaginations of the sarcolemma filled with extracellular fluid

133
Q

What do transverse tubules do?

A

Penetrate the muscle fibers, branch and form networks

Transmit action potentials deep into the muscle fiber

134
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Intracellular storage compartment for calcium

135
Q

What causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium?

A

Action potential in T-tubules cause opening of Ca channels and release of Ca

136
Q

What is hypocalcemia?

A

Decreased calcium in blood and interstitial fluid

137
Q

What does hypocalcemia do?

A

Lowers threshold for evoking action potential

138
Q

What is hypercalcemia?

A

Increased Ca in blood and interstitial fluid

139
Q

What does hypercalcemia do?

A

Increases threshold for evoking action potential

140
Q

Describe type 1 fibers

A

Slow twitch
High oxidative enzymes
Low glycogen
Aerobic metabolism

141
Q

Describe type 2 fibers

A

Fast twitch
Lesser oxidative enzymes
High glycogen
Anaerobic metabolism

142
Q

Where are type 2M fibers found?

A

Masticatory muscles

143
Q

Describe how ATP replenishment can occur via glycogen

A

Breaks down to pyretic acid and lactic acid, which liberates NRG
Can occur in absence of O2
Get 1-2 per minute

144
Q

What is needed for ATP replenishment via oxidative metabolism? How long can it take to get ATP?

A

O2 plus foodstuffs

Hours

145
Q

What kind of muscle fibers do marathon runners need more of? Sprinters?

A

Slow twitch

Fast twitch

146
Q

What is tetanus?

A

Muscle spasms caused by inhibition of the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, so only excitatory neurotransmitters are acting

Physiology (70 decks)

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