Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Exam 1 – Dr. Archer > Flashcards

Exam 1 – Dr. Archer Flashcards

1
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system contain?

A

Central and peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the ANS?

A

Involuntary motor system for internal organs, heart, blood vessels, and secretory glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do motor neurons in the ANS do?

A

Connect the CNS to the target organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are the higher centers located in the CNS?

A

Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

The primary integrating center of the ANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does ANS control operate through?

A

CNS

Visceral reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many chains are there in the ANS?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is the 1st neuron?

A

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is the 2nd neuron?

A

Within a ganglion (outside of CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is the cell body of the preganglionic axon located?

A

Brain stem or spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the axon of the visceral motor neuron

A

Thinly myelinated

Projects to an autonomic ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is the cell body of the postganglionic neuron located?

A

Within the autonomic ganglia with an unmyelinated axon projecting to visual effector cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the ANS divided into?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are similarities between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A

Both are efferent systems
Both involve regulation of the “internal” environment generally outside of our conscious control
Both involve 2 neurons that synapse in a peripheral ganglion
Innervate glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the location of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Thoraco-lumbar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where are the preganglionic neuron cell bodies housed?

A

The lateral horn of the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where are the right and left sympathetic trunks located?

A

Immediately lateral to the vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the sympathetic trunk composed of?

A

Bundles of axon
Ganglia
Short pre-ganglionic fibers and long post-ganglionic fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is does the sympathetic trunk ganglia house?

A

Sympathetic ganglionic neuron cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the adrenal medulla innervated by?

A

The sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the adrenal medulla considered?

A

A modified sympathetic ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the stimulation of the adrenal medulla cause?

A

The release of norepinephrine and epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the adrenal medulla reinforce?

A

Activity of the sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system also known as?

A

Carniosacral division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where are the visceral motor neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system located?

A

In discrete brain stem nuclei and in sacral segments 2-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do the oculomotor nerve fibers go to?

A

Pupillary sphincters and ciliary muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What do the facial nerve fibers go to?

A

Nasal, lacrimal, and submandibular gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do the glossopharyngeal nerve fibers go to?

A

Parotid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do the vagus nerve motor inputs go to?

A

Visceral organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What do the sacral segment fibers go to?

A

Descending colon, rectum, bladder, and genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the vagus nerve the major source of?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation for the thoracic and most abdominal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division?

A

Terminal ganglia

Intramural ganglia

33
Q

Where are terminal ganglia located?

A

Close to the target organ

34
Q

Where are intramural ganglia located?

A

Within the wall of the target organ

35
Q

What are autonomic reflexes similar to?

A

Spinal reflexes

36
Q

What do autonomic reflexes do?

A

Help maintain homeostasis through the involuntary activity of autonomic reflexes or visceral reflexes

37
Q

What do autonomic reflexes consist of?

A

Smooth muscle contractions
Cardiac muscle contractions
Secretion by glands that are mediated by autonomic reflex arcs in response to a specific stimulus

38
Q

What is Autonomic function influenced by?

A

The cerebrum, hypothalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord

39
Q

What does sensory processing in the thalamus directly affect?

A

The hypothalamus

40
Q

What does the hypothalamus contain?

A

Nuclei that control visceral functions in both divisions of the ANS

41
Q

What does the hypothalamus communicate with?

A

Other CNS regions, including the cerebral cortex, thalamus, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord

42
Q

What do the brainstem nuclei mediate?

A

Major ANS reflex/control centers:
Arterial blood pressure
Heart rate
Respiratory rate

43
Q

How are certain process (such as defecation and urination) processed and controlled?

A

At the level of the spinal cord without the involvement of the brain

44
Q

What can consciously inhibit reflex activities like urination?

A

Cerebrum

45
Q

What do ANS neurotransmitter do?

A

Stimulate activity in some tissues while inhibiting activity in others

46
Q

What do responses from neurotransmitters depend on?

A

Specialization of the tissue cells, containing one or more membrane receptors

47
Q

What are the 2 main neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine

Norepinephrine

48
Q

What receptor utilizes acetylcholine?

A

Cholinergic receptors

49
Q

What are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors?

A

Nicotinic receptors

Muscarinic receptors

50
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors?

A

On the cell bodies in all autonomic ganglia

51
Q

Where is Ach released from that binds with nicotinic receptors?

A

All sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers

52
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

On effector cell membranes (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands)

53
Q

Where is Ach released from that binds with muscarinic receptors?

A

Parasympathetic postganglionic receptors

54
Q

After Ach interacts with its receptors, what happens?

A

Ach is split by acetylcholinesterase

55
Q

What do adrenergic receptors respond to?

A

Epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NE)

56
Q

What are the different types of adrenergic receptors?

A

α, β1, β2

57
Q

What does NE excite?

A

α receptors

58
Q

What does Epi excite?

A

Both types of receptors (α and β) with equal affinities

59
Q

How are adrenergic receptors distributed?

A

Distinctly among the effector organs and can be excitatory or inhibitory

60
Q

Where are α receptors located?

A

Blood vessels

Eye

61
Q

Where are β1 receptors located?

A

Heart

62
Q

Where are β2 receptors located?

A

Bronchioles
Blood vessels to the heart and skeletal muscles
Smooth muscle walls of the digestive and urinary systems

63
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?

A

Fight or flight

Preparing the body for emergencies

64
Q

What are examples of mass sympathetic discharge from the sympathetic nervous system?

A 
Increase in arterial pressure
Increase in heart rate and contractility
Increase in blood flow to muscles
Increase in blood glucose
Increase in metabolic rate
Increase in muscle strength
Increase in mental activity
65
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system prepare the body for?

A

Vigorous activity needed to deal with a life-threatening situation

66
Q

What does the activation of beta 1 cause?

A

An increase in heart rate and contractility

67
Q

What does the activation of beta 2 cause?

A

Bronchial dilation and dilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscles

68
Q

What are the functions of alpha receptors?

A 
Vasoconstriction
Iris dilation
Intestinal relation 
Intestinal sphincter contraction
Pilomotor contraction
Bladder sphincter contraction
Inhibits neurotransmitter release
69
Q

What are the function of beta receptors?

A 
Vasodilation
Cardioacceleration
Increased myocardial strength
Intestinal relaxation
Uterus relaxation
Bronchodilation
Calorigenesis
Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis
Bladder wall relaxation
Thermogenesis
70
Q

What does the adrenal medulla do?

A

Release of Epi and NE

71
Q

What are the percentages of Epi and NE released by the adrenal medulla?

A

80% Epi

20% NE

72
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?

A

Rest and digest

Conserves energy and replenishes nutrient stores

73
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system promote?

A

Digestion of food
Storage of energy
Elimination of wastes
Homeostasis

74
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system usually cause?

A

Specific localized response

75
Q

Is there mass discharge with the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

No

76
Q

What are the muscarinic receptor effects in cardiac muscle?

A

Decreases heart rate and strength of contraction

77
Q

What are the muscarinic receptor effects in the digestive system?

A

Increase digestive activity including secretions and peristalsis

78
Q

What are the muscarinic receptor effects in digestion?

A

Increases flow of blood to liver, pancreas, and digestive organs by vasodilation of appropriate vessels

79
Q

What are the muscarinic receptor effects in the eye?

A

Causes constriction of Iris

Physiology (70 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions