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Physiology > Exam 1 – Lecture 4: Dr. Langston > Flashcards

Exam 1 – Lecture 4: Dr. Langston Flashcards

1
Q

What is ATP?

A

The energy currency of the body

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2
Q

What exists after the digestion of carbohydrates?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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3
Q

What is fructose?

A

A monosaccahride that is quickly converted to glucose in the liver

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4
Q

What is galactose converted to? Where?

A

Glucose in the liver

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5
Q

What is glucose?

A

The final common substrate for transport of carbohydrates to the cells

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6
Q

What do intestinal and renal tubules use active transport for?

A

Absorbing glucose

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7
Q

What do cells other than intestinal and renal tubules use to absorb glucose?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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8
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Increase the rate of facilitated diffusion 10x

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9
Q

Do the liver and brain require insulin for glucose transport?

A

No

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10
Q

What are neurons and RBCs primarily dependent on as their energy source?

A

Glucose

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11
Q

What can the brain use to meet energy demands during starvation?

A

Keto-acids

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12
Q

What are the steps to aerobic conversion of glucose to energy?

A

Glucose is split into pyruvic acid and then move to the krebs cycle to produce ATP, H, and NADH

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13
Q

What does each glucose molecule produce when it is converted to energy?

A

38 ATP with CO2 and water

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14
Q

What is an alternate pathway for conversion of glucose to energy independent of TCA cycle?

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

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15
Q

What is the pentose phosphate pathway especially important in?

A

The liver and synthesis of fat

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16
Q

Can glycolysis occur without oxygen?

A

Yes

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17
Q

How can glycolysis occur without oxygen?

A

Glucose is converted to pyruvic acid which is then converted to lactic acid which is what allows it to continue

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18
Q

What would the “law of mass action” cause?

A

Stop glycolysis if pyruvic acid accumulated

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19
Q

When oxygen is restored, what happens to lactate?

A

It is converted back to pyruvic acid

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20
Q

Where does the conversion of lactate back to pyruvic acid occur?

A

In the liver and heart muscle

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21
Q

What does tying up come from in horses?

A

The large amounts of lactate that the animal produces

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22
Q

What is consumed by the Cori cycle to convert 2 pyruvates back to glucose

A

6 ATP

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23
Q

What are small amounts of lactate metabolized into? Where?

A

Bicarbonate ion

Liver

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24
Q

What can severe lactate accumulation cause?

A

Metabolic acidosis

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25
Q

What can the liver do with small quantities of lactate?

A

Generate a carbon ion

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26
Q

What can happen to glucose if not stored immediately?

A

It can be stored as glycogen, especially in the liver and muscle

27
Q

What is special about glycogen because of its high molecular weight?

A

It does not disrupt the osmolarity of the cell

28
Q

How much glycogen does the body keep in reserve?

A

About 1-2 days worth

29
Q

What can muscle store energy in?

A

Phosphocreatinine

30
Q

What is unique to phosphocreatinine when compared to ATP?

A

It contains more energy per molecule

31
Q

How can phosphocreatinine be released?

A

Immediately when needed for maximal short bursts of muscle power

32
Q

What does the use of phosphcreatinine lead to?

A

Waste product of creatinine

33
Q

What is creatinine excreted by?

A

Kidney

34
Q

What does the brain need in particular?

A

Glucose

35
Q

When blood glucose is low, how is glucose obtained?

A

Gluconeogenesis

36
Q

What does gluconeogenesis do?

A

Creates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

37
Q

What makes ruminant unique when it comes to making glucose?

A

They can use propionic acid

38
Q

How much can volatile fatty acids contribute to energy demands in ruminants?

A

80%

39
Q

What can be used as substrates for gluconeogenesis in non-ruminants?

A

Protein and fats

40
Q

What percentage of amino acids can be converted to glucose?

A

About 60%

41
Q

What can fats do to produce glucose?

A

They can be broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, with the glycerol converted to glucose

42
Q

What normally happens to fatty acids?

A

They are broken down to 2-carbon segments to form acetyl-CoA that enters glycolytic pathways

43
Q

When does keto-acidosis occur?

A

When no available carbohydrate exists to recharge oxaloacetate required to bind with acetyl-CoA

44
Q

What can cause keto-acidosis?

A

Starvation
High fat, low carb diets
Diabetes mellitus

45
Q

What are the 3 main keto-acids?

A

Acetoacetic acid
Acetone
β-Hydroxybutyric acid

46
Q

What do brown fat deposits contain?

A

Mitochondria

47
Q

What can brown fat, via mitochondria, generate?

A

Thermogenesis

48
Q

Why is brown fat important in puppies and kittens?

A

Because they cannot yet shiver to generate heat

49
Q

What happens if puppies are hypoglycemic and stop nursing?

A

They no longer have brown fat, so they become hypothermic

50
Q

What does the catabolism of brown fat for heat generation require?

A

Glucose

51
Q

When are proteins used as energy?

A

Insufficient glucose exists

Excess proteins in the diet

52
Q

What can proteins be converted to?

A

Glucose

Fatty acids

53
Q

What can protein catabolism be used in?

A

Gluconeogenesis or ketogenesis

54
Q

What does the microfloral of the rumen do?

A

Creates all essential and non-essential amino acids

55
Q

What can ruminants use to create amino acids by their rumen flora?

A

Non-protein nitrogen

56
Q

What do cats and some Cocker Spaniels need in their diet? Why?

A

Greater amount of taurine

To avoid cardiomyopathy

57
Q

How is CO2 from glycolytic pathways expired?

A

By the lung via bicarbonate buffer system

58
Q

What is NH3 from protein catabolosm converted to? How is that excreted?

A

Coverted by the liver to urea and excreted by the kidney

59
Q

What is creatinine produced by? How is it excreted?

A

Muscle metabolism

Kidney

60
Q

How do aquatic animals excrete ammonia? Why?

A

Directly

Water is abundant

61
Q

What is urea the main route of in mammals and sharks?

A

Nitrogen excretion

62
Q

What do insects, birds, and reptiles convert ammonia to? Hos is it secreted?

A

Uric acid

As paste

63
Q

What is unique about Dalmatians and excretion?

A

They have a build up of uric acid which causes kidney stones and the blocks the excretion. They must have surgery to create a hole to allow for excretion

Physiology (70 decks)

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