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Physiology > Exam 2 – Cardio Ch 17 > Flashcards

Exam 2 – Cardio Ch 17 Flashcards

1
Q

What does each tissue control its own blood in proportion to?

A

Its needs

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2
Q

List the tissue needs

A
  1. Delivery of oxygen to tissues
  2. Delivery of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, etc.
  3. Removal of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and other metabolites from the tissues
  4. Transport various hormones and other substances to different tissues
  5. Maintenance of proper concentrations of ions in tissues
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3
Q

What is flow closely related to?

A

Metabolic rate of tissues

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4
Q

What are the mechanisms of blood flow control?

A
  1. Acute control

2. Long-term control

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5
Q

Define long-term control

A

Slow, controlled changes in flow over a period of days, weeks, or even months
Provide even better control of flow in proportion to needs of tissue
Come about as a result of an increase or decrease in Physical sizes and numbers of blood vessels supplying the tissues

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6
Q

Define acute control

A

Achieved by rapid changes in local vasodilation or vasoconstriction of arterioles, metarterioles, and precapillary sphincters that occur within secs to mins to provide very rapid maintenance of appropriate local tissue blood flow

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7
Q

What are the top three organs that blood flows to?

A
  1. Liver 27%
  2. Kidneys 22%
  3. Brain 14%
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8
Q

Look at variations in tissue blood flow chart

A

Look at variations in tissue blood flow chart

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9
Q

What does an increase in tissue metabolism lead to in acute control?

A

Increases in blood flow

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10
Q

What does a decrease in oxygen availability to tissues lead to in acute control?

A

Increases tissue blood flow

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11
Q

What are two major theories for local blood flow?

A
  1. Vasodilator theory

2. Oxygen demand theory

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12
Q

Define vasodilator theory

A

The greater rate of metabolism or the less the availability of O2 or some other nutrients to a tissue, the greater rate of formation of vasodilator substances in tissue cells

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13
Q

Define oxygen demand theory

A
  • In absence of adequate O2, its reasonable to believe that blood vessels would relax and dilate
  • Increased utilization of O2 in tissues as a result in increased metabolism could decrease availability of O2 to smooth muscle fibers in local blood vessels and would cause local vasodilation
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14
Q

What are the determinants of blood flow?

A

Q = (P1-P2)/R

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15
Q

What is flow through a blood vessel determined by?

A

The pressure difference between the two ends of the vessel

Resistance of the vessel

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16
Q

What are the theories of tissue flow?

A 
Vasodilator 
Oxygen lack (demand)
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17
Q

What is the effect of tissue metabolic rate on tissue blood flow?

A

Increased tissue metabolism causes increased blood flow

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18
Q

Look at metabolic rate of tissue blood flow chart

A

Look at metabolic rate of tissue blood flow chart

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19
Q

What is the effect of tissue oxygen concentration on blood flow?

A

Decreased tissue oxygen concentration causes increased blood flow

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20
Q

Look at the oxygen concentration on blood flow chart

A

Look at oxygen concentration on blood flow chart

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21
Q

How do changes in tissue oxygen concentration affect blood flow?

A
  1. Increase tissue metabolism or decrease oxygen
  2. Delivery to tissues
  3. Decrease tissue oxygen concentration
  4. Decrease arteriole resistance
  5. Increase blood flow
    LOOK AT CHART IN NOTES
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22
Q

What are vasodilators?

A 
CO2 
Lactic Acid 
Adenosine 
ADP compounds 
Histamine 
K ions 
H ions
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23
Q

What is the vasodilator theory for blood flow control?

A
  1. Increase tissue metabolism
  2. Increase release of vasodilators
  3. Decrease arteriole resistance
  4. Increase blood flow
    LOOK AT CHART IN NOTES
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24
Q

What is autoregulation?

A

In any tissues of body, a rapid increased arterial pressure causes an immediate rise in blood flow. However, within less than a minute, the blood flow in most tissues return to normal level, even though arterial pressure is kept elevation. This return of blood flow toward normal is called autoregulation

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25
Q

What are the blood flow autoregulation theories?

A

Metabolic theory

Myogenic theory

26
Q

Define metabolic theory

A

As arterial pressure is decreased, oxygen or nutrient delivery is decreased resulting in release of a vasodilator

27
Q

Define myogenic theory

A

As arterial pressure falls the arterioles have an intrinsic property to dilate in response to decreases in wall tension

28
Q

What is myogenic theory also known as?

A

LaPlace’s Law

29
Q

What are other mechanisms that certain tissues have for blood flow control?

A

Kidneys have a feedback system between the tubules and arterioles
Brain blood flow is controlled by CO2 and H ion concentration

30
Q

LaPlace’s Law equation

A

Tension = pressure X radius

31
Q

What happens if you increase pressure in LaPlace’s law?

A

Increase pressure
Increase tension
Decrease radius (to maintain tension constant)

32
Q

What happens if you decrease pressure in LaPlace’s law?

A

Decrease pressure
Decrease tension
Increase radius (to maintain tension constant)

33
Q

LOOK AT LAPLACE’S LAW PICTURE

A

LOOK AT LAPLACE’S LAW PICTURE

34
Q

Look at long-term regulation of blood flow chart

A

Look at long-term regulation of blood flow chart

35
Q

Which is more effective at controlling blood flow?

A

Long-term regulatory mechanisms

36
Q

How does long-term local blood flow regulation occur by?

A

Changing the degree of vascularity of tissues

size and number of vessels

37
Q

What is an important stimulus for regulating tissue vascularity in long-term local blood flow regulation?

38
Q

What is angiogensis?

A

The growth of new blood vessels

39
Q

What does angiogensis occur in response to?

A

Angiogenic factors

40
Q

Where are angiogenic factors released from?

A

Ischemic tissue
Rapidly growing tissue
Tissue with high metabolic rates

41
Q

What are most angiogenic factors?

A

Small peptides such as vascular endothelial cell growth factors (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and angiogen

42
Q

What are humoral regulations of blood flow?

A

Vasoconstrictors
Vasodilators agents
Other agents

43
Q

What are types of vasoconstrictors?

A 
Norepinephrine 
Epinephrine 
Angiotensin II 
Vasopressin 
Endothelin
44
Q

Between norepinephrine and epinephrine, which is a more potent vasoconstrictor?

A

Norepinephrine

45
Q

What are the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine?

A

Vasomotor sympathetic

46
Q

What two types of release can norepinephrine and epinephrine be released from?

A

Direct: release at nerve endings
Indirect: causes adrenal medulla to release norepi and epi into blood stream

47
Q

What are characteristics of angiotension II?

A

Tubuloglomerular feedback in kidney
Powerful constrictor
Normally acts on many of arterioles of body as same time to increase total peripheral resistance and to decrease Na+ and water excretion by kidneys, thereby increasing arterial pressure

48
Q

What are characteristics of vasopressin?

A

Antidiuretic hormone, ADH

Produced in hyothalamus, store in posterior pituitary

49
Q

What are characteristics of endothelin?

A

Released from damaged vascular wall to constrict locally

50
Q

What are the vasodilator agents?

A

Bradykinin
Histamine
Prostaglandins
Nitric oxide

51
Q

What are characteristics of bradykinin?

A

Released by enzyme kallikrein in response to inflammation

Also increases capillary permeability

52
Q

What are characteristics of histamine?

A

Released from mast cells and basophils in response to inflammation and allergic reactions

53
Q

What are characteristics of nitric oxide?

A

Released from damaged tissue
Anoxic conditions
Reperfusion injury in horses with colic

54
Q

What are the other agents in humoral regulations?

A 
Calcium 
potassium 
magnesium 
H+ 
Anions (acetate and citrate)
CO2
Nitric oxide: local vasodilation
55
Q

What are characteristics of calcium?

A

Increase causes vasoconstriction

56
Q

What are characteristics of potassium?

A

Increase causes vasodilation

57
Q

What are characteristics of magnesium?

A

Increase causes vasodilation

58
Q

What are characteristics of H+?

A

Increase causes vasodilation

59
Q

What are characteristics of anions?

A

Increase causes vasodilation

60
Q

What are characteristics of CO2?

A

Increase causes vasodilation especially in brain

Physiology (70 decks)

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