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Physiology > Exam 2 – Cardio Ch 21 > Flashcards

Exam 2 – Cardio Ch 21 Flashcards

1
Q

What can happen to muscle blood flow during exercise?

A

Can increase 20 fold during exercise

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2
Q

What makes up a large portion of body mass? What does this have a great effect on?

A

Muscle

Cardiac output

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3
Q

What is the resting blood flow?

A

to 4 ml/min/100 gm muscle

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4
Q

What can happen to the resting blood flow during exercise?

A

It can increase 15-25X

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5
Q

What happens to capillary density during exercise?

A

It increases markedly

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6
Q

When does most blood flow occur during exercise?

A

Between contractions

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7
Q

Look at the changes in capillary density during exercise

A

Look at the changes in capillary density during exercise

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8
Q

Look at the exercise and muscle blood flow chart

A

Look at the exercise and muscle blood flow chart

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9
Q

What happens to heart rate during exercise?

A

Increase, up to as much as 180 bpm

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10
Q

What happens to stroke volume during exercise?

A

It slightly increases, then decreases

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11
Q

What happens to cardiac output during exercise?

A

Increases, up to as much as 15 L/min

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12
Q

Which increases more during exercise, systolic, mean, or diastolic arterial pressure

A

They all increase, but systolic increases the most.

Mean is second and then diastolic, which barely increases

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13
Q

What happens to total peripheral resistance during exercise?

A

Decreases

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14
Q

What happens to oxygen consumption during exercise?

A

Increases

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15
Q

What happens to arteriovenous oxygen difference during exercise?

A

It increases

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16
Q

What happens to blood flow to the heart during exercise?

A

Increases

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17
Q

What happens to blood flow to the brain during exercise?

A

Stays the same

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18
Q

What happens to blood flow to the active skeletal muscle during exercise?

A

Increases

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19
Q

What happens to blood flow to the inactive skeletal muscle during exercise?

A

Decreases

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20
Q

What happens to blood flow to the skin during exercise?

A

Goes down when you start to exercise, but will go back up once you get hot and it dilates

21
Q

What happens to blood flow to the kidney, liver, gastrointestinal tract, etc during exercise?

A

Decreases

22
Q

What does decreased oxygen during exercise affect?

A

Vascular smooth muscle directly, which causes vasodilation

23
Q

What are examples of vasodilators?

A

K+
Adenosine
Osmolality
Endothelium derived relaxing factor (nitric oxide)

24
Q

What happens during nervous regulation?

A

Sympathetic release of norepinephrine locally (mainly α)

Adrenals release epinephrine (β and α) and norepinephrine (α and a little β)

25
Q

Look at sympathetic regulation of the circulation

A

Look at sympathetic regulation of the circulation

26
Q

How much does mean arterial pressure increase during exercise?

A

20-80 mmHg

27
Q

What does increased blood pressure cause in muscle?

A

Increased flow

28
Q

What will mean arterial pressure do to blood vessels?

A

Stretch them causing vasodilation

29
Q

What are the hemodynamic and humoral changes in exercise?

A 
Mass sympathetic discharge
Decrease parasympathetic impulses
HR increases
Mean arterial pressure increases
Heart strength increased
Local vasodilation
Global venoconstriction (net effect is increased venous return)
Venous return and cardiac output increased
30
Q

What does exercise do to circulation?

A

Redistributes to essential vs non-essential depending on what your body is doing

31
Q

What is the rate of coronary flow?

A

225 ml/min

32
Q

What vessels are involved in coronary flow?

A 
Epicardial
Subendocardial (large plexus, least amount of pressure)
33
Q

What percentage of the blood comes back through the coronary sinus to the right atrium?

A

90-95%

34
Q

Look at epicardial and subendocardial vasculature

A

Look at epicardial and subendocardial vasculature

35
Q

Where are thebesian veins located?

A

Internally

36
Q

Where do thebesian veins go?

A

Into the heart

37
Q

How much blood goes through the thebesian veins?

A

10% or less

38
Q

Look at changes in coronary flow during the cardiac cycle

A

Look at changes in coronary flow during the cardiac cycle

39
Q

What are the controllers of coronary flow?

A

Myocardial O2 consumption (pump work)
Adenosine – related to decrease O2
Nervous stimuli
Others (K+, CO2, Kinins, Prostaglandins, Nitric oxide)

40
Q

Where do nervous stimuli mostly go to?

A

Sympathetic

41
Q

Where are the nervous stimuli?

A

Mainly affects epicardial flow (α)
Little effect of parasympathetics
β sympathetic subendocardial flow

42
Q

What is energy supply for the heart?

A 
Fat metabolism (70% fatty acids)
Glycolysis (anaerobic)
43
Q

How does venous drainage from the heart occur?

A

Coronary sinus
Anterior cardiac veins to right atrium
Thebesian veins

44
Q

How does the coronary sinus flow?

A

Into the right atrium from the left ventricle

45
Q

Where is tissue mass the biggest? Why?

A

Around the left ventricle

Because of the amount of blood flow

46
Q

What happens as total peripheral resistance increases?

A

Venous return and cardiac output falls

47
Q

What happens as total peripheral resistance increases and less blood goes to the tissues?

A

More blood goes to reservoirs and venous return stays the same, which causes higher aortic pressure. Then, there is feedback to decrease sympathetic tone and increase parasympathetic. The slower heart rate and lower force of contraction causes cardiac output to fall

48
Q

What happens as total peripheral resistance decreases?

A

Venous return and cardiac output increases

49
Q

What happens as total peripheral resistance decreases and more blood goes to tissues?

A

Causes lower aortic pressure, which leads to less blood staying in the reservoirs and increased venous return because of feedback to increase sympathetic tone and decreases parasympathetic. This leads to higher venous return and higher heart rate and force of contractions, which increases cardiac output

Physiology (70 decks)

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