Exam 1 – Dr. Seitz Flashcards
How do the pathologies of fluid homeostasis manifest?
Change the volume of a fluid compartment
Change the tonicity of a fluid compartment
How much of body weight in dogs and cats does the total body water account for?
60%
What is water movement controlled by?
Osmosis
Starling’s forces
What are 2 important clinical concepts about water movement?
Water freely moves between all 3 compartments
Sodium containing fluids stay within the extracellular space
What is fluid therapy most often indicated to do?
Replace a deficit in a fluid compartment (90% of the time)
Change the electrolyte concentration of a compartment
What is dehydration a fluid deficit in?
Interstitial compartment
How are animals evaluated for dehydration?
Mucus membrane moisture
Corneal moisture and eye position
Skin tent
What are the rules followed when treating the interstitial compartment?
Route of fluid administration is IV, IO, SQ, or PO
Typically corrected over 12-24 hours
Fluid should have balanced isotonic crystalloids
What is used to calculate an intravenous fluid therapy plan for rehydration?
Provision of maintenance fluid requirements
Estimation of dehydration
Estimation and replacement of on-going fluid losses
What is shock a deficit in?
Intravascular compartment
What is shock?
Inadequate cellular energy production
What does shock result in?
Hypoxia, which is tissue oxygen debt that leads to anaerobic metabolism
What does an absolute or relative deficit in the intravascular compartment cause? What does it manifest as?
Poor perfusion
Shock
How are patients evaluated for shock?
With perfusion parameters
What are examples of perfusion parameters?
Mucus membrane color Capillary refill time Heart rate Pulse quality Temperature Mentation Blood pressure Lactate
What are the 2 stages of shock?
Compensated (occult) shock
Decompensated shock
What is the route of fluid administration for the intravascular compartment?
IV or IO
What is the rate for treating the intravascular compartment?
Fast. Bolus the dose over 10-20 minutes
What are the fluid types used for treating the intravascular compartment?
Balanced crystalloids
Hypertonic saline
Synthetic colloids (hetastarch or vetstarch)
What is pitting edema?
Fluid accumulation in the interstitium
Why can pitting edema occur?
Increased hydrostatic pressure
Decreased oncotic pressure
Loss of vascular integrity
Poor lymphatic drainage
What is hypernatremia a fluid deficit in?
Intracellular compartment
What does hypernatremia do?
Shift fluid out of cells via osmosis
What is the route of fluid administration for treating the intracellular compartment?
IV or PO
What is the rate for treating the intracellular compartment?
Very slow. 48-96 hours
What is the fluid type used for treating the intracellular compartment?
5% dextrose in water administered IV
Water consumed orally
What is the clinical sign for the interstitial compartment? Evaluation?
Dehydration
Skin turgor and mucous membrane moisture
What is the clinical sign for the intravascular compartment? Evaluation?
Shock
Perfusion parameters
What is the clinical sign for the intracellular compartment? Evaluation?
Hypernatremia
Na
What is the corrections speed for the interstitial compartment? Fluid Tx options?
Slow to medium
Balanced crystalloids
What is the corrections speed for the intravascular compartment? Fluid Tx options?
Fast
Balanced crystalloids, synthetic colloids, and hypertonic saline
What is the corrections speed for the intracellular compartment? Fluid Tx options?
Super slow
Free water
