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Physiology > Exam 1 – Dr. Seitz > Flashcards

Exam 1 – Dr. Seitz Flashcards

1
Q

How do the pathologies of fluid homeostasis manifest?

A

Change the volume of a fluid compartment

Change the tonicity of a fluid compartment

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2
Q

How much of body weight in dogs and cats does the total body water account for?

A

60%

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3
Q

What is water movement controlled by?

A

Osmosis

Starling’s forces

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4
Q

What are 2 important clinical concepts about water movement?

A

Water freely moves between all 3 compartments

Sodium containing fluids stay within the extracellular space

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5
Q

What is fluid therapy most often indicated to do?

A

Replace a deficit in a fluid compartment (90% of the time)

Change the electrolyte concentration of a compartment

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6
Q

What is dehydration a fluid deficit in?

A

Interstitial compartment

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7
Q

How are animals evaluated for dehydration?

A

Mucus membrane moisture
Corneal moisture and eye position
Skin tent

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8
Q

What are the rules followed when treating the interstitial compartment?

A

Route of fluid administration is IV, IO, SQ, or PO
Typically corrected over 12-24 hours
Fluid should have balanced isotonic crystalloids

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9
Q

What is used to calculate an intravenous fluid therapy plan for rehydration?

A

Provision of maintenance fluid requirements
Estimation of dehydration
Estimation and replacement of on-going fluid losses

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10
Q

What is shock a deficit in?

A

Intravascular compartment

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11
Q

What is shock?

A

Inadequate cellular energy production

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12
Q

What does shock result in?

A

Hypoxia, which is tissue oxygen debt that leads to anaerobic metabolism

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13
Q

What does an absolute or relative deficit in the intravascular compartment cause? What does it manifest as?

A

Poor perfusion

Shock

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14
Q

How are patients evaluated for shock?

A

With perfusion parameters

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15
Q

What are examples of perfusion parameters?

A 
Mucus membrane color
Capillary refill time
Heart rate
Pulse quality
Temperature
Mentation
Blood pressure
Lactate
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16
Q

What are the 2 stages of shock?

A

Compensated (occult) shock

Decompensated shock

17
Q

What is the route of fluid administration for the intravascular compartment?

A

IV or IO

18
Q

What is the rate for treating the intravascular compartment?

A

Fast. Bolus the dose over 10-20 minutes

19
Q

What are the fluid types used for treating the intravascular compartment?

A

Balanced crystalloids
Hypertonic saline
Synthetic colloids (hetastarch or vetstarch)

20
Q

What is pitting edema?

A

Fluid accumulation in the interstitium

21
Q

Why can pitting edema occur?

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure
Decreased oncotic pressure
Loss of vascular integrity
Poor lymphatic drainage

22
Q

What is hypernatremia a fluid deficit in?

A

Intracellular compartment

23
Q

What does hypernatremia do?

A

Shift fluid out of cells via osmosis

24
Q

What is the route of fluid administration for treating the intracellular compartment?

A

IV or PO

25
Q

What is the rate for treating the intracellular compartment?

A

Very slow. 48-96 hours

26
Q

What is the fluid type used for treating the intracellular compartment?

A

5% dextrose in water administered IV

Water consumed orally

27
Q

What is the clinical sign for the interstitial compartment? Evaluation?

A

Dehydration

Skin turgor and mucous membrane moisture

28
Q

What is the clinical sign for the intravascular compartment? Evaluation?

A

Shock

Perfusion parameters

29
Q

What is the clinical sign for the intracellular compartment? Evaluation?

A

Hypernatremia

Na

30
Q

What is the corrections speed for the interstitial compartment? Fluid Tx options?

A

Slow to medium

Balanced crystalloids

31
Q

What is the corrections speed for the intravascular compartment? Fluid Tx options?

A

Fast

Balanced crystalloids, synthetic colloids, and hypertonic saline

32
Q

What is the corrections speed for the intracellular compartment? Fluid Tx options?

A

Super slow

Free water

Physiology (70 decks)

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