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Physiology > Exam 1 – Dr. Eubanks > Flashcards

Exam 1 – Dr. Eubanks Flashcards

1
Q

What comes from a reaction between carbohydrates and oxygen?

A

Glucose

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2
Q

What comes from a reaction between proteins and oxygen?

A

Amino acids

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3
Q

What comes from a reaction between fat and oxygen?

A

Fatty acids

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4
Q

Where do oxidative reactions occur?

A

Within the mitochondria

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5
Q

How is the energy from oxidative reactions released?

A

In the form of ATP

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6
Q

What makes up ATP?

A

Adenine
Ribose
Phosphate radicals

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7
Q

What holds ATP together?

A

2 high energy bonds

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8
Q

What does each 2 high energy bond store?

A

12,000 calories of energy

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9
Q

If a phosphate bond is lost, what does ATP become?

A

ADP

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10
Q

What is ATP used for?

A 
Nearly all synthetic reactions (forming bonds)
Energizing muscle contractions
Active transport across membranes
Glandular secretion
Energy for nerve conduction
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11
Q

What is glandular secretion?

A

Synthesis of secreted compound and its concentrations

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12
Q

What is energy for nerve conduction?

A

Potential energy set up by active ion transport

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13
Q

What happens to energy in foods?

A

35% becomes heat during ATP production

Another portion becomes heat during transfer energy from ATP to the functional systems of the cells

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14
Q

What happens to 27% of the energy released? What happens to the rest?

A

It reaches the functional system of the cells

Results in heat production

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15
Q

What is a calorie?

A

Quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree C

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16
Q

What is a Calorie?

A

1000 calories or kilocalories (measurement in food)

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17
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate?

A

The minimum energy expenditure for the body to exist

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18
Q

How much of the daily expenditure of energy is used in a sedentary individual?

A

50-70%

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19
Q

How is BMR calculated?

A

From square meter of body surface area

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20
Q

What can raise the metabolic rate?

A 
Exercise/activity
Lean body mass
Thyroid hormone, growth hormone, testosterone 
Sympathetic system
Fever
Cold climate
Small body size
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21
Q

Why do proteins cause the body to work harder?

A

They are difficult to digest

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22
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Very high metabolic rate

Mainly in cats

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23
Q

What causes hypothyroidism? What does it occur in?

A

Too little hormone

Mainly in obese and sedentary dogs

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24
Q

How much energy does purposeful activity use?

A

25%

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25
Q

How much energy does nonexercise activity use?

A

7%

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26
Q

How much energy does the thermic effect of food use?

A

8%

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27
Q

How much energy does arousal, sleeping metabolic rate, and basal metabolic rate use?

A

60%

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28
Q

What is core temperature?

A

Temperature of deep tissues is relatively constant, varying less than 1 degree F under normal conditions

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29
Q

What is skin temperature like?

A

Varies widely, depends on temperature of environment

30
Q

What is the temperature control center?

A

Hypothalamus

31
Q

What is body temp regulated by?

A

Nervous feedback mechanism

32
Q

What do skin and deep body temp receptors do?

A

Mainly detect cold and cool temperatures

Function to prevent hyperthermia

33
Q

What is the role of the posterior hypothalamus?

A

Receives input from anterior hypothalamus and peripheral temp receptors to elicit heat producing and heat conserving reactions

34
Q

What is vasodilation? Vasoconstriction?

A

When vessels get bigger

When vessels get smaller

35
Q

What are the mechanisms of heat loss?

A

Radiation
Conduction/convection
Evaporation

36
Q

What is radiation?

A

Infrared heat waves

37
Q

What does the effectiveness of radiation depend on?

A

The heat of surrounding objects

38
Q

What is conduction/convection?

A

Heat transfer to layer of air at body surface

39
Q

What is conduction enhanced by?

A

Convective air flow

40
Q

What is 70% of dogs and cats cooling mechanisms?

A

Radiation and convection

41
Q

When do dogs and cats rely on evaporation?

A

As ambient temp rises

42
Q

How do dogs and cats utilize evaporation?

A

Panting

43
Q

What happens during panting?

A

Vasodilation on the tongue and mucosal areas

44
Q

How does vasodilation work as a temperature decreasing mechanism?

A

Transfers heat to skin

Cause inhibition of sympathetic centers in posterior hypothalamus that cause vasoconstriction

45
Q

How does sweating work as a temperature decreasing mechanism?

A

Evaporative heat loss

Stimulation of preoptic area of hypothalamus which stimulates sweating via sympathetic cholinergic fibers and adrenergic

46
Q

How does decrease heat production work as a temperature decreasing mechanism?

A

Shivering and chemical termogenesis are inhibited

47
Q

What is panting controlled by?

A

Thermoregulator cells of brain

48
Q

How does panting work for cooling?

A

Large quantities of air come in contact with respiratory passages
Water evaporation from respiratory mucosal surfaces and tongue cools blood

49
Q

What are some temperature increasing mechanisms?

A

Vasoconstriction
Piloerection
Increased heat production

50
Q

How does vasoconstriction work as a temperature increasing mechanism?

A

Impedes heat transfer to skin

Stimulation of sympathetic centers in posterior hypothalamus

51
Q

What is piloerection?

A

Hair standing

52
Q

How does increased heat production work as a temperature increasing mechanism?

A

Shivering
Sympathetic excitation of heat production
Thyroxine secretion

53
Q

What does thyroid hormone do?

A

Cooling of anterior hypothalamic
Preoptic area increases producition of TRH and TSH
Chemical thermogenesis

54
Q

What does pyrogenic hypothermia lead to?

A

Fever

55
Q

Does hyperthermia/pyrexia lead to a fever?

A

No

56
Q

What is nonpyrogenic hypothermia?

A

The inability to release enough heat

57
Q

What are pyrogens?

A

Anything that will raise the temperature in the body

58
Q

How can pyrogens directly reset the set-point temperature?

A

Bacteria-lipopolysaccharides from the bacterial cell membrane
Pyrogens form degenerating tissues

59
Q

How can pyrogens indirectly reset the set-point temperature?

A

IL-1 is released from phagocytes following phagocytosis of blood-borne pyrogens. IL-1 raises set-point by increasing prostaglandin production

60
Q

What is the body trying to do when you get chills?

A

Increase its temperature

61
Q

What is heat stroke due to?

A

An individual getting heat quicker that they can get rid of it

62
Q

When does heat stroke occur?

A

When the body temp rises above 106-108ºF

63
Q

What does a rising body temp increase?

A

Metabolism, which generates more heat

64
Q

When should cooling measures after heat stroke stop?

A

When the body reaches 103ºF

65
Q

What is the main organ responsible for thermoregulation?

A

Anterior portion of hypothalamus

66
Q

What are changes in temperature detected by?

A

Peripheral and central thermoreceptors

Peripheral vasodilation and central vasoconstriction

67
Q

What can heat stroke cause?

A

Permanent intracellular alterations
Cell membrane instability
Generalized cellular necrosis
Multi-organ dysfunction or failure

68
Q

What does splanchnic arteriolar vasodilation lead to?

A

Venous pooling

69
Q

What does low plasma volume prevent?

A

Core body heat from dissipating

70
Q

What are organs commonly affected by heat stroke?

A 
GI tract (splanchnic vasoconstriction)
Coagulation (endothelial damage)
Renal (dehydration)
Cardiac
Pulmonary
CNS (Neural injury and cell death)
71
Q

What is frostbite?

A

Formation of ice crystals in the cells which leads to decreased circulation

72
Q

What is a final protection against frostbite?

A

Cold-induced vasodilation

Physiology (70 decks)

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