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Physiology > Exam 1 – Dr. Eubanks > Flashcards

Exam 1 – Dr. Eubanks Flashcards

1
Q

What comes from a reaction between carbohydrates and oxygen?

A

Glucose

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2
Q

What comes from a reaction between proteins and oxygen?

A

Amino acids

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3
Q

What comes from a reaction between fat and oxygen?

A

Fatty acids

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4
Q

Where do oxidative reactions occur?

A

Within the mitochondria

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5
Q

How is the energy from oxidative reactions released?

A

In the form of ATP

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6
Q

What makes up ATP?

A

Adenine
Ribose
Phosphate radicals

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7
Q

What holds ATP together?

A

2 high energy bonds

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8
Q

What does each 2 high energy bond store?

A

12,000 calories of energy

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9
Q

If a phosphate bond is lost, what does ATP become?

A

ADP

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10
Q

What is ATP used for?

A 
Nearly all synthetic reactions (forming bonds)
Energizing muscle contractions
Active transport across membranes
Glandular secretion
Energy for nerve conduction
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11
Q

What is glandular secretion?

A

Synthesis of secreted compound and its concentrations

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12
Q

What is energy for nerve conduction?

A

Potential energy set up by active ion transport

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13
Q

What happens to energy in foods?

A

35% becomes heat during ATP production

Another portion becomes heat during transfer energy from ATP to the functional systems of the cells

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14
Q

What happens to 27% of the energy released? What happens to the rest?

A

It reaches the functional system of the cells

Results in heat production

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15
Q

What is a calorie?

A

Quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree C

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16
Q

What is a Calorie?

A

1000 calories or kilocalories (measurement in food)

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17
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate?

A

The minimum energy expenditure for the body to exist

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18
Q

How much of the daily expenditure of energy is used in a sedentary individual?

A

50-70%

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19
Q

How is BMR calculated?

A

From square meter of body surface area

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20
Q

What can raise the metabolic rate?

A 
Exercise/activity
Lean body mass
Thyroid hormone, growth hormone, testosterone 
Sympathetic system
Fever
Cold climate
Small body size
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21
Q

Why do proteins cause the body to work harder?

A

They are difficult to digest

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22
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Very high metabolic rate

Mainly in cats

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23
Q

What causes hypothyroidism? What does it occur in?

A

Too little hormone

Mainly in obese and sedentary dogs

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24
Q

How much energy does purposeful activity use?

A

25%

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25
How much energy does nonexercise activity use?
7%
26
How much energy does the thermic effect of food use?
8%
27
How much energy does arousal, sleeping metabolic rate, and basal metabolic rate use?
60%
28
What is core temperature?
Temperature of deep tissues is relatively constant, varying less than 1 degree F under normal conditions
29
What is skin temperature like?
Varies widely, depends on temperature of environment
30
What is the temperature control center?
Hypothalamus
31
What is body temp regulated by?
Nervous feedback mechanism
32
What do skin and deep body temp receptors do?
Mainly detect cold and cool temperatures | Function to prevent hyperthermia
33
What is the role of the posterior hypothalamus?
Receives input from anterior hypothalamus and peripheral temp receptors to elicit heat producing and heat conserving reactions
34
What is vasodilation? Vasoconstriction?
When vessels get bigger | When vessels get smaller
35
What are the mechanisms of heat loss?
Radiation Conduction/convection Evaporation
36
What is radiation?
Infrared heat waves
37
What does the effectiveness of radiation depend on?
The heat of surrounding objects
38
What is conduction/convection?
Heat transfer to layer of air at body surface
39
What is conduction enhanced by?
Convective air flow
40
What is 70% of dogs and cats cooling mechanisms?
Radiation and convection
41
When do dogs and cats rely on evaporation?
As ambient temp rises
42
How do dogs and cats utilize evaporation?
Panting
43
What happens during panting?
Vasodilation on the tongue and mucosal areas
44
How does vasodilation work as a temperature decreasing mechanism?
Transfers heat to skin | Cause inhibition of sympathetic centers in posterior hypothalamus that cause vasoconstriction
45
How does sweating work as a temperature decreasing mechanism?
Evaporative heat loss | Stimulation of preoptic area of hypothalamus which stimulates sweating via sympathetic cholinergic fibers and adrenergic
46
How does decrease heat production work as a temperature decreasing mechanism?
Shivering and chemical termogenesis are inhibited
47
What is panting controlled by?
Thermoregulator cells of brain
48
How does panting work for cooling?
Large quantities of air come in contact with respiratory passages Water evaporation from respiratory mucosal surfaces and tongue cools blood
49
What are some temperature increasing mechanisms?
Vasoconstriction Piloerection Increased heat production
50
How does vasoconstriction work as a temperature increasing mechanism?
Impedes heat transfer to skin | Stimulation of sympathetic centers in posterior hypothalamus
51
What is piloerection?
Hair standing
52
How does increased heat production work as a temperature increasing mechanism?
Shivering Sympathetic excitation of heat production Thyroxine secretion
53
What does thyroid hormone do?
Cooling of anterior hypothalamic Preoptic area increases producition of TRH and TSH Chemical thermogenesis
54
What does pyrogenic hypothermia lead to?
Fever
55
Does hyperthermia/pyrexia lead to a fever?
No
56
What is nonpyrogenic hypothermia?
The inability to release enough heat
57
What are pyrogens?
Anything that will raise the temperature in the body
58
How can pyrogens directly reset the set-point temperature?
Bacteria-lipopolysaccharides from the bacterial cell membrane Pyrogens form degenerating tissues
59
How can pyrogens indirectly reset the set-point temperature?
IL-1 is released from phagocytes following phagocytosis of blood-borne pyrogens. IL-1 raises set-point by increasing prostaglandin production
60
What is the body trying to do when you get chills?
Increase its temperature
61
What is heat stroke due to?
An individual getting heat quicker that they can get rid of it
62
When does heat stroke occur?
When the body temp rises above 106-108ºF
63
What does a rising body temp increase?
Metabolism, which generates more heat
64
When should cooling measures after heat stroke stop?
When the body reaches 103ºF
65
What is the main organ responsible for thermoregulation?
Anterior portion of hypothalamus
66
What are changes in temperature detected by?
Peripheral and central thermoreceptors | Peripheral vasodilation and central vasoconstriction
67
What can heat stroke cause?
Permanent intracellular alterations Cell membrane instability Generalized cellular necrosis Multi-organ dysfunction or failure
68
What does splanchnic arteriolar vasodilation lead to?
Venous pooling
69
What does low plasma volume prevent?
Core body heat from dissipating
70
What are organs commonly affected by heat stroke?
``` GI tract (splanchnic vasoconstriction) Coagulation (endothelial damage) Renal (dehydration) Cardiac Pulmonary CNS (Neural injury and cell death) ```
71
What is frostbite?
Formation of ice crystals in the cells which leads to decreased circulation
72
What is a final protection against frostbite?
Cold-induced vasodilation

Physiology (70 decks)

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