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Physiology > Exam 1 – Lecture 2: Dr. Langston > Flashcards

Exam 1 – Lecture 2: Dr. Langston Flashcards

1
Q

What is biotransport?

A

Movement of substance through the cell membrane

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2
Q

What does the cell membrane regulate?

A

The transfer of substances into and out of the cell

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3
Q

What are mechanisms of biotransport?

A

Passive diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Endocytosis (pinocytosis/phagocytosis)

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4
Q

What is the cell membrane structure?

A

Fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane

Phospholipid is the basic layer

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5
Q

What do proteins provide to a membrane?

A

Specificity

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6
Q

What are proteins defined by?

A

Mode of association with the lipid bilayer

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7
Q

What are some integral proteins?

A

Channels
Pores
Carriers
Enzymes

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8
Q

What are some peripheral proteins?

A

Enzymes

Intracellular signal mediators

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9
Q

What do integral proteins do?

A

Pass all the way through the membrane

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10
Q

What do peripheral proteins do?

A

They are embedded into one of the 2 sided, but do not go all the way through

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11
Q

What does the “glyco” prefix refer to?

A

Sugar/carbohydrate

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12
Q

What makes up the majority of integral proteins?

A

Glycoproteins

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13
Q

What are 2 types of glycoproteins?

A

Proteoglycans

Glycocalyx

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14
Q

What is a glycocalyx?

A

A glycoprotein covering that surrounds the cell membranes

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15
Q

What are GAGs (glycosaminoglycan) designed to do?

A

Supplement the glycoproteins, usually for joint health

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16
Q

What amount of cholesterol is present in the membranes?

A

Varying amounts

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17
Q

What does cholesterol do?

A

Decreases membrane fluidity and permeability

Increases membrane flexibility and stability

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18
Q

What is the head of the phospholipid like?

A

Polar and hydrophilic

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19
Q

What is the tail of the phospholipid like?

A

Nonpolar and hydrophobic

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20
Q

What is the rate of diffusion governed by?

A

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

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21
Q

In Fick’s Law of Diffusion, the characteristics of what 2 things are used to determine the rate of diffusion?

A

Membrane and solute

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of the membrane used for Fick’s Law of Diffusion?

A

Surface area
Membrane thickness
Diffusion

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of solute used for Fick’s Law of Diffusion?

A

Oil-water partition

Concentration difference for solute

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24
Q

For a solute to passively diffuse through a membrane, what must it be like?

A

Lipid soluble
Unionized
Small

25
Q

What is the membrane a major route of cell entry for?

A

Many drugs

26
Q

What can pass easily through the membrane?

A

Oxygen, CO2, nitrogen

27
Q

If an ion has a charge, how will it cross the membrane?

A

Not very well. It must be relatively neutral to cross

28
Q

Will bound proteins cross the membrane?

A

No, only unbound

29
Q

How does water primarily enter the cell?

A

By pores that are channel proteins

30
Q

What do facilitated diffusion gated protein channels play a role in?

A

Ion and neurotransmitter passage

31
Q

Which is more negative, the inside or outside of the cell?

A

Inside

32
Q

What are the 2 types of gated channels?

A

Voltage-gated

Ligand-gated

33
Q

What is depolarization?

A

The electrical impulse coming down the nerve

34
Q

What is a ligand?

A

Any substance that binds to a receptor to create a response

35
Q

How does muscle contract?

A

Via ligand-gated channels

36
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

A type of passive diffusion that utilizes a carrier protein for the solute to cross the membrane

37
Q

Does facilitated diffusion use energy?

A

No

38
Q

What can facilitated diffusion become unlike passive diffusion?

A

Saturated

39
Q

What does active transport do?

A

Uses a carrier protein to move solute against a concentration gradient
Requires energy

40
Q

What are the 2 types of active transport?

A

Primary and secondary

41
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

Uses a direct expenditure of ATP as the energy source

42
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

Uses the energy derived secondarily from energy that has been stored in the form of ionic concentration differences of secondary molecular or ionic substances between the two sides of a cell membrane, created originally by primary active transport

43
Q

What is a very important type of active transport?

A

Na/K transport

44
Q

What does the Na/K ATPase pump do?

A

Maintains the sodium and potassium concentration differences across the cell membrane
Controls cell volume
Establishes a negative electrical voltage in the cell

45
Q

How much of the cell’s energy requirement is devoted to pumping sodium out an potassium in the cell?

A

60-70%

46
Q

What are 2 other primary active transport systems that are important?

A

Calcium ATPase pump

H+-K+ ATPase

47
Q

What is the calcium ATPase involved in?

A

Muscle contraction

48
Q

What are the 2 types of secondary active transport?

A 
Co-transport (symport)
Counter transport (antiport)
49
Q

What are 2 types of symport systems?

A

Sodium-glucose co-transport

Sodium-amino acid co-transport

50
Q

What are 2 types of antiport systems?

A

Sodium-calcium counter-transport

Sodium-hydrogen counter transport

51
Q

What does symport mean?

A

Both molecules move the same way

52
Q

What does antiport mean?

A

One ion moves one way and the other moves in the other direction

53
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Cell drinking

Used to move very large molecules in a solution inside the cell

54
Q

What is pinocytosis used with?

A

Very large, charged molecules that have properties that won’t typically let it diffuse

55
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Cell eating

Used to move large particles instead of molecules

56
Q

What is the rule of thumb for water and sodium?

A

Water follows sodium

57
Q

What does active transport through cellular sheets often involve?

A

A combination of biotransport processes

58
Q

How can you combat dehydration?

A

Sodium and a little bit of glucose cause water absorption

59
Q

How can you replenish fluids?

A

Oral electrolyte solutions

Physiology (70 decks)

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