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Physiology > Exam 5: Calcium Metabolism > Flashcards

Exam 5: Calcium Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the calcium distribution?

A

99% bones/teeth
1% intracellular
0.1% extracellular fluid/plasma

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2
Q

What are the different types calcium in extracellular fluid/plasma?

A

Protein-bound (30-40%)
Ionized (50-60%; unbound)
Complexed

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3
Q

Describe ionized calcium

A

Biologically active

Fraction dependent on pH

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4
Q

Where is complexed calcium found?

A

Citrate
Lactate
Bicarbonate
Phosphate

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5
Q

What are the functions of calcium?

A

Nerve impulses
Muscle contraction
Coagualtion

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6
Q

What does calcium do for nerve impusles

A

Membrane stabilization

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7
Q

What does calcium do for muscle contraction?

A

Release of AcCh at NMU
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac (ionotropic and chronotropic)

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8
Q

99% of filtered calcium is normally reabsorbed by the renal tubules. 90% of that is reabsorbed in proximal tubules, loops of Henle, and early distal tubules. The remaining 10% is reabsorbed. What is different about this reabsorption?

A

It is very selective

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9
Q

What are the target tissues of parathyroid hormone?

A

Bone
Kidney
Small intestine

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10
Q

What does PTH do to bone?

A

Resorption (release of Ca, P from bone)

Effect on blood levels (increase Ca, increase P)

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11
Q

What does PTH do to kidney?

A

Reabsorption of Ca (increase Ca)

Excretion of P (decrease P)

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12
Q

What does PTH do to small intestine?

A

Increase vitamin D3

Increase Ca and P

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13
Q

Where is P excreted from in the kidneys?

A

Proximal tubules

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14
Q

What is the net effect of PTH on the kidneys?

A

Increase serum Ca

Decrease serum P

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15
Q

What are the target tissues of calcitriol?

A

Small intestine
Bone
Parathyroid

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16
Q

What does calcitriol do to small intestine?

A

Increase Ca

Increase P

17
Q

What does calcitriol do to parathyroid?

A

Decrease PTH

18
Q

What does calcitriol do to bone in large quantities?

A

Stimulates bone resorption
Increase Ca in blood
Increase P in blood

19
Q

What does PTH regulation involve?

A

Feedback inhibition

20
Q

What is PTH secretion decreased by?

A

Hypercalcemia

Calcitriol

21
Q

What is PTH secretion increased by?

A

Hypocalcemia

Hyperphoshatemia

22
Q

What does vitamin D cause?

A

Renal activation

23
Q

What is the most important site of vitamin D regulation?

A

Renal activation

24
Q

What enzyme is involved in renal activation?

A

1α-hydroxylase

25
Q

What does calcitriol increase in response to in renal activation?

A

Increased PTH

Decreased P

26
Q

What does calcitriol decrease in response to in renal activation?

A

Increased P

27
Q

In regulation, what does PTH increase in response to?

A

Decreased Ca

Increased P

28
Q

In regulation, what does PTH decrease in response to?

A

Increase Ca

Increase calcitriol

29
Q

What is the effect of PTH on the kidney?

A

Resorption, increase Ca

Excretion, decrease P

30
Q

What is the effect of PTH on the small intestine?

A

Increase calcitriol, which increases Ca and P

31
Q

What is the effect of PTH on bone?

A

Resorption, which increases Ca and P

32
Q

What secretes calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular cells (C cells) of thyroid

33
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Decrease Ca concentrations

34
Q

What are the effects of PTH on bone?

A

Decrease osteocytic membrane activity

Decrease osteoclast formation

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