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Physiology > Exam 3 – Dr. Sullivant Protein Metabolism > Flashcards

Exam 3 – Dr. Sullivant Protein Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What methods of protein metabolism occur in the liver?

A

Breakdown of amino acids
Formation of urea for removal of ammonia from body fluids
Formation of virtually all plasma proteins
Manipulation of amino acids and synthesis of other stuff from amino acids

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2
Q

What is the breakdown of amino acids in the liver for?

A

Energy

Conversion to CHO and fats

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3
Q

What is ammonia formed by in the liver?

A

Deamination

Gut bacteria

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4
Q

What is protein used for?

A 
Energy
Gluconeogenesis/ketogenesis
Enzymes
Transport proteins
Structural support
Muscles
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5
Q

What is one of the major transport proteins?

A

Albumin

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6
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Building block of proteins

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7
Q

What do all amino acids have?

A

An acidic group and a nitrogen atom attached

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8
Q

How many AA are in the body?

A

Approximately 20

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9
Q

How are AA arranged?

A

Into chains via peptide linkages to form proteins

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10
Q

What is the average protein size?

A

400 AA

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11
Q

How long does protein digestion in the GI tract take?

A

About 2-3 hours

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12
Q

What is the final breakdown product of protein digestion?

A

Amino acids

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13
Q

Once in the blood stream, how quickly are amino acids absorbed by cells?

A

5-10 minutes

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14
Q

What does a quick absorption of amino acids do?

A

Prevents any build-up of circulating AA

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15
Q

What do amino acids require to diffuse through a cell wall?

A

Facilitated diffusion or active transport

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16
Q

What happens to amino acids that make it to the kidneys?

A

They are mostly resorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule

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17
Q

What is the fate of amino acids in the cell?

A

Turnover is rapid

They are quickly used up to make proteins

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18
Q

What can happen to most intracellular proteins?

A

They can be degraded rapidly to yield AA

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19
Q

What does the body prefer as its main energy sources?

A

CHO and fats

20
Q

What is used as energy sources after a couple of weeks of starvation?

A

Amino acids

21
Q

Where is growth hormone from?

A

Pituitary gland

22
Q

Where is insulin from?

A

Pancreas

23
Q

What do growth hormone and insulin do?

A

Increase formation of tissue protein

24
Q

What do glucocorticoids from adrenal gland do?

A

Increase plasma concentration of AA

Increase protein production in the liver

25
Q

How do glucocorticoids increase plasma concentration of AA?

A

By breaking down extrahepatic proteins to provide AA for energy

26
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Increases protein deposition in tissues

27
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Increase the rate of protein synthesis or increase the rate of protein degradation for energy

28
Q

What are the protein functions?

A

Plasma proteins
Essential and non-essential amino acids
Source of energy

29
Q

What are the different plasma proteins?

A

Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen

30
Q

What does albumin do?

A

Provides oncotic pressure
Transporter
Involved in healing

31
Q

What do globulins do?

A

Immunity and enzyme functions

32
Q

What does fibrinogen do?

A

Polymerizes into fibrin to form blood clots

33
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Cannot be synthesized and therefore must be in the diet

34
Q

What are non-essential amino acids?

A

Synthesized by the body from keto-acids, which are precursors to the AA

35
Q

What is the process of amino acids being synthesized from kets-acids called?

A

Transamination

36
Q

What are aminotransferase enzymers derived from?

A

Vitamin B6, pyridoxine

37
Q

What are the essential amino acids for both dogs and cats?

A 
Arginine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
38
Q

What is the essential amino acid that only cats need?

A

Taurine

39
Q

What does the degradation of protein occur in the liver by?

A

Deamination

40
Q

What happens to an amino group when proteins are used for energy?

A

It is transferred to another molecule or released in form of ammonia

41
Q

What are deaminated protein end-products used to do?

A

Synthesize glucose and fats

42
Q

What can protein breakdown products be used for?

A

Gluconeogenesis or ketogenesis

43
Q

Where does the urea cycle occur?

A

Liver

44
Q

What does the urea cycle do?

A

Controls ammonia levels in the body

Prevent hepatic encephalopathy

45
Q

What is the process of the urea cycle?

A

Ammonia from deamination becomes urea and then it goes through renal excretion

Physiology (70 decks)

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