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Physiology > Exam 2 – Cardio Ch 20 > Flashcards

Exam 2 – Cardio Ch 20 Flashcards

1
Q

How can you improve heart pumping?

A

Nervous simulation

Hypertrophy of cardiac muscle secondary to increased work load

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2
Q

How can nervous stimulation improve heart pumping?

A 
Sympathetic stimulation (increases heart rate)
Parasympathetic inhibition (decreases heart rate)
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3
Q

How does hypertrophy of cardiac muscle secondary to increased work load improve heart pumping?

A

Increased size

Increased strength

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4
Q

What can cause decreased cardiac function?

A 
Damage to cardiac muscle
Inhibition of nervous control
Arrhythmias 
Valvular heart disease
Increased arterial pressure or hypertension
Congenital heart disease
Myocarditis/inflammation
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5
Q

What is the cardiac output for a horse? Arterial pressure?

A

25-40 L/min

115 mmHg

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6
Q

What is the cardiac output for a cow? Arterial pressure?

A

25-39 L/min

150 +/- 27 mmHg

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7
Q

What is the cardiac output for a dog? Arterial pressure?

A

3-5 L/min/m^2

Less than 160 mmHg

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8
Q

What is the cardiac output for a cat? Arterial pressure?

A

100 ml/kg/min

114-137 mmHg

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9
Q

What are non-cardiac factors that cause decreased cardiac output?

A

Decreased blood volume
Acute venous dilation
Obstruction of large vessels
Decreased tissue mass

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10
Q

How can cardiac output be measured?

A

Oxygen Fick method
Indicator dilution method
Echocardiography
Electromagnetic flowmeter

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11
Q

What is the Oxygen Fick method?

A

Measures oxygen levels in right heart and left heart

Measures disappearance of oxygen from inhaled air

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12
Q

What is the indicator dilution method?

A

Dyes

Thermal (cold solution)

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13
Q

What is the most used indicator dilution method?

A

Cold solution

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14
Q

What is the most used method of measuring cardiac output?

A

Echocardiography

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15
Q

What is cardiac output influenced by?

A

Metabolic rate
Fitness
Age
Size

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16
Q

What does the cardiac index express?

A

Cardiac output in relation to body size

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17
Q

Does the heart or peripheral circulation control cardiac output?

A

Peripheral circulation

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18
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The sum of all tissue flows and is affected by their regulation

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19
Q

What is cardiac output proportional to?

A

Tissue O2 use

1/TPR when arterial pressure is constant

20
Q

Look at cardiac output curves

A

Look at cardiac output curves

21
Q

What is the plateau of the cardiac output curve determined by?

A

Heart strength

22
Q

Wha does sympathetics do to the plateau?

A

Increases it

23
Q

If parasympathetics decrease, what happens plateau?

A

Increases it

24
Q

What does heart hypertrophy do to the plateau?

A

Increases it

25
Q

What does myocardial infarction do to the plateau?

A

Decreases it

26
Q

What does valvular disease do to the plateau?

A

Decreases it

27
Q

What does myocarditis do to the plateau?

A

Decreases it

28
Q

What does cardiac tamponade do to the plateau?

A

Decreases it

29
Q

What does metabolic damage do to the plateau?

A

Decreases it

30
Q

What does the pericardial sac act as?

A

A protectant and lubricant so that the heart can be without friction

31
Q

What is tamponade?

A

When the pericardial sac fills with fluid

32
Q

What does decreased cardiac output cause for tamponade?

A

Less tamponade

33
Q

What are effects of intrapleural pressure on cardiac output curve?

A

Changes in thorax which prevent blood from returning to the heart
Pressure in right atrium must be less than pressure in the great veins for flow to occur
Pressure in veins are slow to rise

34
Q

What happens if the pressure in the right atrium is not less than the great veins?

A

There will be a back up so that the great veins can get a pressure that is higher than that of the right atrium

35
Q

Look at the effects of intrapleural pressure on cardiac output curve

A

Look at the effects of intrapleural pressure on cardiac output curve

36
Q

What is the mean systemic filing pressure?

A

What the pressure is coming from the jugular vein to the right atrium and how it responds as the right atrium pressure goes up

37
Q

If resistance is decreased and blood is left in the periphery, what happens to cardiac return?

A

It increases

38
Q

If resistance is increased, what happens?

A

More blood is left to sit on the venous side and pressure will have to be built up enough to overcome the mean systemic filling pressure

39
Q

What happens if cardiac output does not equal venous return?

A

Blood would either accumulate or be removed from the chest

40
Q

If left ventricle output equals 6 and venous return is equal to 5, what happens to blood?

A

It would be shifted to the periphery

41
Q

How do you calculate the return of blood to the left heart?

A

(Mean pulmonic filling pressure – left atrial pressure) / pulmonary vascular resistance

42
Q

If the left heart fails and the right heart keeps pumping, what happens to mean pulmonic filling pressure and mean systemic filling pressure? What does that cause?

A

Increases MPFP
Decreases MSFP (because blood is being removed from systemic circulation)
Overloads the pulmonary system

43
Q

What does left atrial pressure have to be less than?

A

What is coming from the lungs

44
Q

What happens once the left heart starts failing?

A

Blood starts backing up into the lungs, which will very quickly start backing up into the right heart and cause right heart failure

45
Q

Which is worse clinically, left heart or right heart failure?

A

Left heart. You can live longer with right heart failure

Physiology (70 decks)

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