Exam 1 – Lecture 3: Dr. Langston

Question 1

What are neurotransmitters release by?

Answer 1

Axon terminals into the synaptic junctions and act locally to control nerve cell functions

Question 2

What are endocrine hormones released by? What do they influence?

Answer 2

Glands or specialized cells into the circulating blood and influence the function of cells at another location in the body

Question 3

What are neuroendocrine hormones secreted by? What do the influence?

Answer 3

Neurons into the circulating blood and influence the function of cells at another location in the body

Question 4

What does endocrine imply?

Answer 4

That it is produced in one place and then release into the blood stream (insulin)

Question 5

What is the fight or flight response due to?

Answer 5

Neuroendocrine hormones

Question 6

What are cytokines?

Answer 6

Peptides secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and can function as autocrines, paracrines, or endocrine hormones

Question 7

What are paracrines secreted by? What do they affect?

Answer 7

Cells into the extracellular fluid and affect neighboring cells of a different type

Question 8

What are autocrines secreted by? What do they affect?

Answer 8

Cells into the extracellular fluid and affect the function of the same cells that produced them by binding to cell surface receptors

Question 9

What are eicosanoids?

Answer 9

A large group of molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid

Question 10

What are the principal groups of hormones of eicosanoids?

Answer 10

Prostaglandins
Prostacyclins
Leukotrienes
Thromboxanes

Question 11

How are eicasanoids inactivated? How long are they active?

Answer 11

By being metabolized

Only for a few seconds

Question 12

What is an agonist?

Answer 12

A substance that induces a physiologic action

Question 13

What do physiological antagonists do?

Answer 13

Oppose that of another agonist

Question 14

What is an antagonist?

Answer 14

A substance that blocks the action of an agonist

Question 15

Does an antagonist normally exist in the body?

Answer 15

No, it is a drug

Question 16

How do competitive antagonists bind to a receptor?

Answer 16

They do not permanently bind to a receptor. There is a constant release and reattachment of both agonist and antagonist

Question 17

What is the magnitude of effect of competitive antagonists dependent on?

Answer 17

The amount of drug present and the affinity constant of that drug for the receptor

Question 18

When do you have the maximum effect on the dose-response curve?

Answer 18

When all the receptors that can be occupied are occupied

Question 19

What are the pathways for mechanism of action for hormones and cytokines?

Answer 19

Interaction with cell surface receptors

Interaction with intracellular receptors

Question 20

What are interactions with cell surface receptors often associated with?

Answer 20

Ion channels or enzyme activations-rapid onset is common

Question 21

What do interactions with intracellular receptors require?

Answer 21

Synthesis of proteins-onset delayed several hours

Question 22

What is an example of interaction with cell surface receptors?

Answer 22

Gated ion channel

Enzyme-linked receptors

Question 23

What is a good example of enzyme-linked receptors?

Answer 23

Insulin receptor

Question 24

What does the insulin receptor form?

Answer 24

Dimer

Question 25

What does insulin do?

Answer 25

Increases the facilitated diffusion of cell membranes and allows for glucose to diffuse through

Question 26

What does lipid soluble hormone do in interaction with intracellular receptors?

Answer 26

Diffuses through the cell membrane and combines with cytoplasmic receptor

Question 27

Where does the hormone-receptor complex migrate?

Answer 27

To the nucleus where protein synthesis is triggered

Question 28

What does new protein do in interaction with intracellular receptors?

Answer 28

Alters transcriptional activity of responsive genes

Question 29

What is an examples of interaction with intracellular receptors?

Answer 29

Steroid hormones

Question 30

What do interactions with intracellular receptors require?

Answer 30

Protein synthesis so onset effect is typically delayed a few hours