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Physiology > Exam 3 – Dr. Fleming Ruminant Physiology 2 > Flashcards

Exam 3 – Dr. Fleming Ruminant Physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the reticulum do?

A

Catches solid material

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2
Q

What is the reticulum the source of?

A

Hardware disease

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3
Q

How can you prevent hardware disease?

A

Magnet

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4
Q

Describe the omasum

A

Very fine particles

Large surface area

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5
Q

What does the omasum do?

A

Absorption of VFAs, electrolytes, and water
Minor fermentation
Regulates propulsion into abomasum
Episodic slow contractions independent of reticular contractions

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6
Q

What is the abomasum?

A

True glandular stomach

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7
Q

What does the abomasum do?

A

Pepsinogen and HCl secretion

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8
Q

What is the average pH of the abomasum?

A

3

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9
Q

Is motility present in the abomasum?

A

Yes, but not well defined in the fundic area

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10
Q

What is peristalsis of the pyloric area of the abomasum like?

A

6/minute

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11
Q

What is the digestive system like in calves at birth?

A

Nonruminants

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12
Q

What is the reticulorumen like in calves?

A

Undeveloped

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13
Q

Why can calves not digest starch well?

A

They lack sucrase and secrete limited amylase

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14
Q

What can calves not digest?

A

Plant proteins

Unsaturated fats

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15
Q

What are calves dependent on?

A

Milk sugars and glucose
Milk protein
Milk fat

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16
Q

What are liquid diets composed of for calves?

A

Milk
Milk replacers made from milk
Fermented colostrum

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17
Q

What are the requirement for ruminal development?

A 
Establishment of bacteria in the rumen
Liquid in the rumen
Outflow of material from the rumen
Absorptive ability of the tissue
Substrate
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18
Q

When can cud chewing be observed?

A

As early as 7 days of age

19
Q

When can a calf be weaned?

A

By 2 months of age

20
Q

When is the rumen fully functional?

A

By 4 to 6 months

21
Q

When is the rumen the same proportion of body weight as an adult?

A

By 9 months

22
Q

What is the esophageal groove?

A

Muscular groove that seals rumen opening

23
Q

What is the esophageal groove closure stimulated by?

A

Suckling

24
Q

What does the esophageal groove do when it closes?

A

Allows milk to bypass the rumen and go to the abomasum

25
Q

What can the esophageal groove be chemically closed by?

A

Sodium chloride solution
Sugar solution
Sodium bicarbonate

26
Q

What happens with ruminal drinkers?

A

Failure of esophageal groove to close
Over-feeding
Mismothering/starvation
Putrefaction of rumen contents

27
Q

What is the treatment for ruminal drinkers?

A

Modified feeding schedule
Small amounts often
Probiotics

28
Q

What is needed to begin rumination?

A

Fresh water to provide ample liquid for the rumen

29
Q

What is needed to produce VFAs?

A

Bacteria

30
Q

What is bacteria like in the rumen?

A

Early bacteria are aerobic, but are anaerobic by 2 weeks

31
Q

What does development of the rumen wall and papillae depend on?

A

Grain intake

32
Q

What are important points about feeding calves?

A

Need access to drinking water, but not too much

Offer small amounts of high quality calf starter daily with 1 cup replaced daily if not eaten

33
Q

What are the major salivary glands?

A

Parotid (serous)
Mandibular (mixed)
Sublingual (mixed)

34
Q

What are the minor salivary glands?

A

Buccal (mucous)
Lingual (mucous)
Palatine (mucous)

35
Q

What is produced in the salivary glands?

A

Lysozyme, no amylase

36
Q

What is the volume of what comes from the salivary glands?

A

Up to 200 L/day

37
Q

What is the pH of saliva?

A

8.1

38
Q

What is saliva composed of?

A 
Na (170 mEq/L)
K (13 mEq/L)
HCO3 (48 mEq/L)
Cl (11 mEq/L)
PO4
Nitrogen
39
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A

Moistens food/aids in deglutition
Buffers acid production in rumen
Provides nitrogen for microbial production of amino acids
Protects against protein deficiency

40
Q

Do ruminants continue to produce saliva with atropine?

A

Yes

41
Q

What do high grain diets do?

A

Decrease cud chewing and salivation

Decreases buffering

42
Q

What is an issue with general anesthesia?

A

Salivation

43
Q

What contributes to problems with swallowing?

A

Choke
Listeria
Trauma/fractures of jaw
Serious ECF

Physiology (70 decks)

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