Exam 3 – Dr. Fleming Ruminant Physiology 2

Question 1

What does the reticulum do?

Answer 1

Catches solid material

Question 2

What is the reticulum the source of?

Answer 2

Hardware disease

Question 3

How can you prevent hardware disease?

Answer 3

Magnet

Question 4

Describe the omasum

Answer 4

Very fine particles

Large surface area

Question 5

What does the omasum do?

Answer 5

Absorption of VFAs, electrolytes, and water
Minor fermentation
Regulates propulsion into abomasum
Episodic slow contractions independent of reticular contractions

Question 6

What is the abomasum?

Answer 6

True glandular stomach

Question 7

What does the abomasum do?

Answer 7

Pepsinogen and HCl secretion

Question 8

What is the average pH of the abomasum?

Answer 8

3

Question 9

Is motility present in the abomasum?

Answer 9

Yes, but not well defined in the fundic area

Question 10

What is peristalsis of the pyloric area of the abomasum like?

Answer 10

6/minute

Question 11

What is the digestive system like in calves at birth?

Answer 11

Nonruminants

Question 12

What is the reticulorumen like in calves?

Answer 12

Undeveloped

Question 13

Why can calves not digest starch well?

Answer 13

They lack sucrase and secrete limited amylase

Question 14

What can calves not digest?

Answer 14

Plant proteins

Unsaturated fats

Question 15

What are calves dependent on?

Answer 15

Milk sugars and glucose
Milk protein
Milk fat

Question 16

What are liquid diets composed of for calves?

Answer 16

Milk
Milk replacers made from milk
Fermented colostrum

Question 17

What are the requirement for ruminal development?

Answer 17

Establishment of bacteria in the rumen
Liquid in the rumen
Outflow of material from the rumen
Absorptive ability of the tissue
Substrate

Question 18

When can cud chewing be observed?

Answer 18

As early as 7 days of age

Question 19

When can a calf be weaned?

Answer 19

By 2 months of age

Question 20

When is the rumen fully functional?

Answer 20

By 4 to 6 months

Question 21

When is the rumen the same proportion of body weight as an adult?

Answer 21

By 9 months

Question 22

What is the esophageal groove?

Answer 22

Muscular groove that seals rumen opening

Question 23

What is the esophageal groove closure stimulated by?

Answer 23

Suckling

Question 24

What does the esophageal groove do when it closes?

Answer 24

Allows milk to bypass the rumen and go to the abomasum

Question 25

What can the esophageal groove be chemically closed by?

Answer 25

Sodium chloride solution Sugar solution Sodium bicarbonate

Question 26

What happens with ruminal drinkers?

Answer 26

Failure of esophageal groove to close Over-feeding Mismothering/starvation Putrefaction of rumen contents

Question 27

What is the treatment for ruminal drinkers?

Answer 27

Modified feeding schedule Small amounts often Probiotics

Question 28

What is needed to begin rumination?

Answer 28

Fresh water to provide ample liquid for the rumen

Question 29

What is needed to produce VFAs?

Answer 29

Bacteria

Question 30

What is bacteria like in the rumen?

Answer 30

Early bacteria are aerobic, but are anaerobic by 2 weeks

Question 31

What does development of the rumen wall and papillae depend on?

Answer 31

Grain intake

Question 32

What are important points about feeding calves?

Answer 32

Need access to drinking water, but not too much | Offer small amounts of high quality calf starter daily with 1 cup replaced daily if not eaten

Question 33

What are the major salivary glands?

Answer 33

Parotid (serous) Mandibular (mixed) Sublingual (mixed)

Question 34

What are the minor salivary glands?

Answer 34

Buccal (mucous) Lingual (mucous) Palatine (mucous)

Question 35

What is produced in the salivary glands?

Answer 35

Lysozyme, no amylase

Question 36

What is the volume of what comes from the salivary glands?

Answer 36

Up to 200 L/day

Question 37

What is the pH of saliva?

Answer 37

8.1

Question 38

What is saliva composed of?

Answer 38

``` Na (170 mEq/L) K (13 mEq/L) HCO3 (48 mEq/L) Cl (11 mEq/L) PO4 Nitrogen ```

Question 39

What are the functions of saliva?

Answer 39

Moistens food/aids in deglutition Buffers acid production in rumen Provides nitrogen for microbial production of amino acids Protects against protein deficiency

Question 40

Do ruminants continue to produce saliva with atropine?

Answer 40

Yes

Question 41

What do high grain diets do?

Answer 41

Decrease cud chewing and salivation | Decreases buffering

Question 42

What is an issue with general anesthesia?

Answer 42

Salivation

Question 43

What contributes to problems with swallowing?

Answer 43

Choke Listeria Trauma/fractures of jaw Serious ECF