Exam 3 – Dr. Fleming Ruminant Physiology 2 Flashcards
What does the reticulum do?
Catches solid material
What is the reticulum the source of?
Hardware disease
How can you prevent hardware disease?
Magnet
Describe the omasum
Very fine particles
Large surface area
What does the omasum do?
Absorption of VFAs, electrolytes, and water
Minor fermentation
Regulates propulsion into abomasum
Episodic slow contractions independent of reticular contractions
What is the abomasum?
True glandular stomach
What does the abomasum do?
Pepsinogen and HCl secretion
What is the average pH of the abomasum?
3
Is motility present in the abomasum?
Yes, but not well defined in the fundic area
What is peristalsis of the pyloric area of the abomasum like?
6/minute
What is the digestive system like in calves at birth?
Nonruminants
What is the reticulorumen like in calves?
Undeveloped
Why can calves not digest starch well?
They lack sucrase and secrete limited amylase
What can calves not digest?
Plant proteins
Unsaturated fats
What are calves dependent on?
Milk sugars and glucose
Milk protein
Milk fat
What are liquid diets composed of for calves?
Milk
Milk replacers made from milk
Fermented colostrum
What are the requirement for ruminal development?
Establishment of bacteria in the rumen Liquid in the rumen Outflow of material from the rumen Absorptive ability of the tissue Substrate
When can cud chewing be observed?
As early as 7 days of age
When can a calf be weaned?
By 2 months of age
When is the rumen fully functional?
By 4 to 6 months
When is the rumen the same proportion of body weight as an adult?
By 9 months
What is the esophageal groove?
Muscular groove that seals rumen opening
What is the esophageal groove closure stimulated by?
Suckling
What does the esophageal groove do when it closes?
Allows milk to bypass the rumen and go to the abomasum
What can the esophageal groove be chemically closed by?
Sodium chloride solution
Sugar solution
Sodium bicarbonate
What happens with ruminal drinkers?
Failure of esophageal groove to close
Over-feeding
Mismothering/starvation
Putrefaction of rumen contents
What is the treatment for ruminal drinkers?
Modified feeding schedule
Small amounts often
Probiotics
What is needed to begin rumination?
Fresh water to provide ample liquid for the rumen
What is needed to produce VFAs?
Bacteria
What is bacteria like in the rumen?
Early bacteria are aerobic, but are anaerobic by 2 weeks
What does development of the rumen wall and papillae depend on?
Grain intake
What are important points about feeding calves?
Need access to drinking water, but not too much
Offer small amounts of high quality calf starter daily with 1 cup replaced daily if not eaten
What are the major salivary glands?
Parotid (serous)
Mandibular (mixed)
Sublingual (mixed)
What are the minor salivary glands?
Buccal (mucous)
Lingual (mucous)
Palatine (mucous)
What is produced in the salivary glands?
Lysozyme, no amylase
What is the volume of what comes from the salivary glands?
Up to 200 L/day
What is the pH of saliva?
8.1
What is saliva composed of?
Na (170 mEq/L) K (13 mEq/L) HCO3 (48 mEq/L) Cl (11 mEq/L) PO4 Nitrogen
What are the functions of saliva?
Moistens food/aids in deglutition
Buffers acid production in rumen
Provides nitrogen for microbial production of amino acids
Protects against protein deficiency
Do ruminants continue to produce saliva with atropine?
Yes
What do high grain diets do?
Decrease cud chewing and salivation
Decreases buffering
What is an issue with general anesthesia?
Salivation
What contributes to problems with swallowing?
Choke
Listeria
Trauma/fractures of jaw
Serious ECF
