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Physiology > Exam 5: Puberty, Estrous, and Repro Behavior > Flashcards

Exam 5: Puberty, Estrous, and Repro Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Is puberty a process or an event?

A

Process

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2
Q

What is puberty?

A

Acquisition of reproductive competence

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3
Q

When does puberty occur?

A

When there is secretion of GnRH in appropriate frequency and quantity to stimulate gonadotropin release by the pituitary

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4
Q

What are the hypothalamic differences between a male and female?

A

The hypothalamus is inherently female with a tonic and surge center. Male only has a tonic center
Testosterone from fetal testis defeminizes hypothalamus and eliminates GnRH surge center
Testosterone is converted to E2 in the brain so it can defeminize the brain
Alfa-fetoprotein in females binds E2 and prevents crossing of blood-brain barrier

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5
Q

What are the definitions of puberty in females?

A

Age at first estrus or heat
Age at first ovulation
Age at which pregnancy can be maintained without deleterious effects

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6
Q

Is it easy of difficult to detect the age at first heat/estrus in females?

A

Easy

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7
Q

Is it easy of difficult to detect the age at first ovulation in females?

A

Difficult

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8
Q

Describe detecting the age at which pregnancy can be maintained without deleterious effects

A

Most practical

At time of 65% adult body weight

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9
Q

What are the definitions of puberty in males in chronological order?

A 
Age of expression of behavioral traits
Age at first ejaculation
Age when sperm appear in the ejaculate
Age when sperm appear in the urine
Age when ejaculate contains a threshold number of sperm
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10
Q

What is puberty influenced by?

A

Plane of nutrition or “fatness”
Threshold body size and composition
Exposure to environmental and social cues
Genetics

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11
Q

What can puberty be influenced by in terms of genetics?

A

Breed variations and scrotal circumference in bulls and early puberty

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12
Q

What are examples of environmental and social cues?

A

Season of birth in seasonal breeders
Photoperiod in seasonal breeders
Presence or absence of opposite sex
Density of same sex groups

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13
Q

What species are effected by season of birth in seasonal breeders?

A

Sheep, goats, cats

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14
Q

What species are effected by photoperiod in seasonal breeders?

A

Sheep, goats, cats

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15
Q

What species are effected by the presence or absence of opposite sex?

A

Ewe, sow, cow, rodents

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16
Q

Describe the impact of density of same sex groups

A

Small groups reach puberty later

Large groups reach puberty sooner

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17
Q

What holds up puberty?

A

Failure of hypothalamus to produce sufficient quantities of GnRH to cause gonoadotropin release

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18
Q

Describe the prepubertal female

A

Tonic center in hypo release small quantities of GnRH at low frequency
Provides insufficient stimulation of pituitary
The minimal follicular development cannot release enough E2 to trigger surge center to release large amount of GnRH

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19
Q

What happens at the pubertal transition?

A

At low level of E2, the tonic center is very sensitive to neg. feedback on GnRH
Negative feedback is slowly lost which results in higher and higher level of GnRh which leads to more E2
Eventually the E2 is high enough to cause surge center to discharge large quantities of GnRH resulting in ovulation and puberty ensues

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20
Q

Describe the prepubertal male

A

Small amounts of testosterone/estradiol have negative feedback at hypothalamus
GnRH neurons become less sensitive to T and E2 as puberty approaches
More T and E2 are required to inhibit GnRH neurons
The decreased sensitivity leads to a negative feedback of T
Hypothalamus can now produce more GnRH and subsequently more FSH/LH is produced

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21
Q

What is the bovine age at puberty?

A

11 mos

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22
Q

What is the equine age at puberty?

A

14 mos

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23
Q

What is the ovine age at puberty?

A

7 mos

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24
Q

What is the porcine age at puberty?

A

7 mos

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25
Q

What is the canine age at puberty?

A

9 mos, but can be 24 mos in large breeds

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26
Q

What is the feline age at puberty?

A

9 mos, but can be as short as 4 months

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27
Q

What is estrus?

A

Noun

The period of sexual receptivity commonly referred to as “heat” when the female will stand for breeding

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28
Q

What does the estrous cycle begin and end with?

A

Begins with estrus and ends at the onset of subsequent estrus

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29
Q

What does the estrous cycle provide females with?

A

Repeated chances to become pregnant

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30
Q

What can cause interruption in cyclicity?

A 
Pregnancy
Nursing
Changes in photoperiod
Inadequate nutrition
Stress
Pathology
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31
Q

What can interruption in cyclicity cause?

A

Anestrus

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32
Q

What is the general sequence of events for the female?

A 
Puberty
Cyclicity starts
Breeding
Pregnancy
Parturition
Uterine involution
Lactation
Resumption of cyclicity 
Repeat at cyclicity
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33
Q

When are breeding seasons initiated?

A

When the environment will allow for best survival of young

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34
Q

How can breeding seasons be altered?

A

By selecting more prolific animals and providing better environment

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35
Q

What are the types of cyclicity?

A

Polyestrus
Seasonally polyestrus
Monoestrus

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36
Q

Describe polyestrus

A

Cow, swine, rodents

Multiple periods of estrus each year

37
Q

What species are seasonally polyestrus?

A

Sheep, goat (short day breeders)

Horse, cat (long day breeders)

38
Q

Describe monoestrus

A

Dog

One period of estrus each year

39
Q

What are the major phases of estrous cycle?

A

Follicular phase

Luteal phase

40
Q

Describe the follicular phase

A

Period of CL regression to ovulation
Growing follicle is dominant structure
Estradiol is the dominant hormone

41
Q

Describe the luteal phase

A

Period from ovulation to CL regression
CL is dominant structure
Progesterone is dominant hormone

42
Q

What are the purposes of female behaviors?

A

Attractiveness
Proceptivity
Receptivity

43
Q

What species show signs of estrus with behaviors?

A

Cows
Mares
Sows

44
Q

What is looked at during estrus with sensory?

A

Visual
Olfactory
Auditory
Tactile

45
Q

What happens in the hypothalamus during estrus?

A

E2 increases which increases nerve excitability

Neurons produce behavior specific peptides

46
Q

What happens in the midbrain during estrus?

A

“Receiveing zone” for hypothalamic peptides

Speeds up impulses

47
Q

What happens in the medulla during estrus?

A

Integrates postural adaptation for lordosis and mounting

48
Q

What happens in the spinal cord during estrus?

A

Generates signals to specific muscles for lordosis and mounting

49
Q

What is the behavior of the cow during search?

A

Increased locomotion
Increased vocalization
Twitching
Elevation of the tail

50
Q

What is the behavior of the cow during courtship?

A

Increased grooming

Mounting attempts with other females

51
Q

What is the behavior of the cow during consummation?

A

Homosexual mounting and standing to be mounted

52
Q

What is the behavior of the mare during search?

A 
Increased locomotion
Tail erected (flagging)
53
Q

What is the behavior of the mare during courtship?

A

Urination stance

Urination in presence of stallion

54
Q

What is the behavior of the mare during comsummation?

A

Presents hindquarters to male
Clitoral exposure by labial eversion
Pulsatile contractions of labia

55
Q

What is the behavior of the ewe during search?

A

Short period of restlessness

Ram “seeking”

56
Q

What is the behavior of the ewe during courtship?

A

Urination in presence of ram

57
Q

What is the behavior of the ewe during consummation?

A

Immobile stance

58
Q

What is the behavior of the sow during search?

A

Mild restlessness

59
Q

What is the behavior of the sow during courtship?

A

Immobile stance

60
Q

What is the behavior of the sow during consummation?

A

Immobile stance

61
Q

What is the behavior of the bitch during search?

A

Roaming

62
Q

What is the behavior of the bitch during courtship?

A

Immobile stance

63
Q

What is the behavior of the bitch during consummation?

A

Tail deflected to one side
Urination in presence of male
Affectionate head rubbing

64
Q

What is the behavior of the queen during search?

A

Vocalization

65
Q

What is the behavior of the queen during courtship?

A

Crouching
Affectionate head rubbing
Rolling

66
Q

What is the behavior of the queen during consummation?

A

Elevation of rear quarters and hyper-extension of back (lordosis)
Presentation of vulva
Tail deviation

67
Q

What is the behavior of the bull during search?

A

Approach sexually active group of females
Testing for lordosis
Flehmen

68
Q

What is the behavior of the bull during courtship?

A

Nuzzling and licking of perineal region
Chin resting
Testing for lordosis

69
Q

What is the behavior of the bull during consummation?

A

Penile protrusion with dribbling of seminal fluid with few spermatozoa
Erection and attempted mounts

70
Q

What is the behavior of the stallion during search?

A

Visual search

Flehmen

71
Q

What is the behavior of the stallion during courtship?

A

High degree of excitement

72
Q

What is the behavior of the stallion during consummation?

A

Penile protrusion with no preejaculatory expulsion of seminal fluid

73
Q

What is the behavior of the ram during search?

A

Sniffing and licking of ano-genital region
Nudging ewe
Flehmen

74
Q

What is the behavior of the ram during courtship?

A

Neck outstretched and head held high horizontally

75
Q

What is the behavior of the ram during consummation?

A

Repeated dorsal elevation of scrotum

Penile protrusion with no dribbling of seminal fluid

76
Q

What is the behavior of the boar during search?

A

Moving among females

77
Q

What is the behavior of the boar during courtship?

A

Nuzzling
Grinding of teeth
Foams at mouth

78
Q

What is the behavior of the boar during consummation?

A

Penile protrusion
Shallow pelvic thrusts
Attempted mounting

79
Q

What is the behavior of the dog during search?

A

Roaming around territory

80
Q

What is the behavior of the dog during courtship?

A

Sniffing

Licking of the vulva

81
Q

What is the behavior of the dog during consummation?

A

Erection
Protrusion of penis
Mounting

82
Q

What is the behavior of the tom during search?

A

Prowling

83
Q

What is the behavior of the tom during courtship?

A

Biting queen on dorsal neck

84
Q

What is the behavior of the tom during consummation?

A

Mounting

85
Q

Describe precopulatory behavior in order

A 
Search for sexual partner
Courtship
Sexual arousal
Erection
Penile protrusion
86
Q

Describe copulatory behavior in order

A

Mounting
Intromission
Ejaculation

87
Q

Describe postcopulatory behavior in order

A

Dismount
Refractory period
Memory

88
Q

What is needed for the precopulatory behavior of searching?

A

Good eyes, feet, and legs

89
Q

What is needed for the precopulatory behavior of arousal?

A

Generally only needs a female present (teasing a stallion)

Physiology (70 decks)

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