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Physiology > Exam 1 – Dr. Thomason Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 – Dr. Thomason Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do RBCs contain?

A

Hemoglobin (Hgb)

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2
Q

What does Hgb allow for?

A

Oxygen to be transported from the lungs to the tissues

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3
Q

Do mammalian RBCs have a nucleus? Reptiles, birds, and amphibians?

A

No

Yes

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4
Q

What is the shape of RBCs like for most species? Camelids?

A

Round

Ellipsoidal

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5
Q

How do RBCs work?

A

Higher concentration of oxygen in lungs allows for it to pass to deoxygenated blood through simple diffusion

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6
Q

How is O2 transported?

A

By binding to Hgb

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7
Q

What gives RBCs the red color?

A

Heme

Ferrous iron

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8
Q

What do heme molecules combine with?

A

A polypeptide chain (globin)

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9
Q

How many chains make up hemoglobin?

A

4

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10
Q

How many O2 molecules are there per hemoglobin chain?

A

1, so there are 4 O2 molecules per hemoglobin

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11
Q

What is the O2 concentration like for Hgb?

A

Almost always at maximum concentration

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12
Q

How much of the iron in the body is in Hgb? Liver and marrow?

A

65%

25%

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13
Q

What is iron absorbed from?

A

Small intestine

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14
Q

What does iron bind to? What does it form?

A

Apotransferrin

Transferrin

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15
Q

What is iron transported in?

A

Plasma

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16
Q

What is iron transported as?

A

Transferrin

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17
Q

What does transferrin strongly bind to?

A

Erythroblasts

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18
Q

What are erythroblasts?

A

The precursors to erythrocytes

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19
Q

What is iron stored in cells as?

A

Ferritin

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20
Q

Why is there a minimum amount of apoferritin?

A

It is an insoluble form of iron

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21
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

The break down of hemoglobin

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22
Q

Which has a higher affinity for O2, fetal Hgb or adult Hgb?

A

Fetal Hgb

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23
Q

What minimizes acidosis?

A

Bicarbonate

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24
Q

What is the average life span of RBCs?

A

Months

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25
Q

What are aged RBCs removed by?

A

Spleen

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26
Q

What happens to iron when Hgb is broken down?

A

It is reused-transported as transferring

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27
Q

What happens to globulin chains as Hgb is broken down?

A

It is reused

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28
Q

What happens to remaining heme as Hgb is broken down?

A

It is eliminated as bilirubin

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29
Q

Why is having too few RBCs a problem?

A

Oxygen cannot be distributed

30
Q

What is the most essential regulator for erythrocyte production?

A

tissue oxygenation

31
Q

What are factors associated with poor tissue oxygenation?

A 
Low blood volume
Anemia
Low hemoglobin
Poor blood flow
Pulmonary disease
32
Q

How can the body improve tissue oxygenation?

A

By increasing the number of RBCs

33
Q

What tissue/organ is essential for increased production of RBCs?

A

Kidney

34
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

The principal stimulus for erythrocyte production

35
Q

Where is 90% of erythropoietin produced?

A

Kidney

36
Q

When does erythropoietin production start?

A

Within hours of hypoxia

2-5 days for maximum effect

37
Q

When does erythropoietin production stop?

A

When hypoxia is not present

38
Q

What happens if erythropoietin is not produced?

A

RBCs will not be produced

39
Q

What happens with pathogenesis?

A

Decreased erythropoietin secretion by kidneys
Decreased bone marrow response
Reduced erythrocyte lifespan

40
Q

Where are RBCs primarily produced?

A

Bone marrow

41
Q

Where are RBCs produced in a fetus?

A

Spleen
Liver
Bone marrow

42
Q

What helps during severe RBC loss?

A

Liver and spleen

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

43
Q

What happens during RBC differentiation?

A

Cells and nuclei become smaller

Nucleus is extruded at the metarubricyte phase

44
Q

What are reticulocytes like?

A

No nucleus but contains remnants of the golgi and mitochondria

45
Q

What are reticulocytes released from?

A

The bone marrow into circulation for final maturation

46
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A

The last stage before a fully mature erythrocyte

47
Q

What are essential vitamins for RBC maturation?

A

Vitamin B12 and folic acid

48
Q

What is anemia?

A

Reduced red blood cell mass

Decreased oxygen carrying capacity

49
Q

What is regenerative anemia?

A

Producing erythrocytes, bone marrow is not a problem

50
Q

What is non-regenerative anemia?

A

Not producing erythrocytes, bone marrow is a problem

51
Q

What can regenerative anemia lead to?

A

Hemorrhage

Hemolysis

52
Q

What is hemorrhage?

A

Had blood and lost it

53
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

Had blood and it got destroyed

54
Q

What happens during hemorrhage?

A

Lose all components of blood (RBCs and fluids)

55
Q

What can cause hemorrhage?

A 
Trauma
Coagulopathy
GI hemorrhage
External parasites
Hematuria
Neoplastic rupture
56
Q

What can hemolysis cause?

A

An animal to have a yellow color

57
Q

What can cause zinc toxicity?

A

Pennies minted in 1983 to present
Zinc nuts
Zinc oxide ointment

58
Q

How can zinc toxicity be treated?

A

Remove zinc source

59
Q

What happens with babesiosis?

A

Ticks and blood transfusion

60
Q

What 3 mechanisms cause anemia?

A

Hemorrhage
Hemolysis
Non-regenerative

61
Q

What can non-regenerative anemia cause?

A

Systemic disorders and primary marrow disorders

62
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Increased number of RBCs

63
Q

What does polycythemia do?

A

Increases blood viscosity causing sluggish blood flow through the peripheral blood vessels

64
Q

What does cardiac failure lead to? Why?

A

Hypoxia

The lack of blood leads to poor oxygenation to the tissues

65
Q

Is primary or secondary polycythemia more common?

A

Secondary

66
Q

What is an example of primary polycythemia?

A

Polycythemia vera

Kidney tumors

67
Q

What can cause polythemia vera?

A

It is genetic

68
Q

What is an examples of secondary polycythemia?

A

Tissue hypoxia

69
Q

What can cause tissue hypoxia?

A

High altitude
Cardiac failure
Significant pulmonary disease

70
Q

What can be used to treat polycythemia?

A

Blood-letting

Leeches

Physiology (70 decks)

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