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Physiology > Exam 2 – Cardio Ch 11 > Flashcards

Exam 2 – Cardio Ch 11 Flashcards

1
Q

LOOK AT NORMAL EKG

A

LOOK AT NORMAL EKG

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2
Q

Describe P wave

A

Depolarization of atria
0.3 seconds
Immediately precedes contraction

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3
Q

What is the P wave caused by?

A

Electrical potentials generated when atria depolarizes before atrial contraction begins

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4
Q

Describe R wave

A

Ventricles depolarize

More muscle, more electrical activity

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5
Q

What does more electrical activity look like on an EKG?

A

Higher peak

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6
Q

Describe T wave

A

Ventricles repolarizing

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7
Q

Where is atria repolarization?

A

Hidden somewhere in QRS due to greater electrical activity in ventricles
Cannot be seen on electrocardiogram
Atria remain contracted until it is repolarized

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8
Q

What does the QRS complex precede?

A

Ventricular contraction

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9
Q

How long do ventricles remain contracted?

A

Until a few milliseconds after the end of the T repolarization

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10
Q

What causes QRS complex?

A

Potential generated when ventricular depolarizes before contraction

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11
Q

What should always accompany a QRS complex?

A

A P wave

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12
Q

What are the depolarization waves?

A

P wave

QRS complex waves

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13
Q

Describe P-Q or P-R interval

A

Duration of time between beginning of P wave and beginning of QRS wave
This represents the time between the beginning of the atrial contraction and the beginning of ventricular contraction

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14
Q

Describe Q-T interval

A

Duration of time from the beginning of Q wave to the end of the T wave
Approximates the time of ventricular contraction

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15
Q

How can the heart rate be determined?

A 
With the reciprocal of the time interval between each heartbeat or calculated using paper speed 
# of complexes/25mm 
or 50mm/sec x 60
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16
Q

LOOK AT STANDARDIZED EKG’S

A

LOOK AT STANDARDIZED EKG’S

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17
Q

LOOK AT DEPOLARIZATION AND REPOLARIZATION WAVES

A

LOOK AT DEPOLARIZATION AND REPOLARIZATION WAVES

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18
Q

When is no potential recorded?

A

When ventricular muscle is either completely depolarized or repolarized

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19
Q

What does Bipolar limb leads mean?

A

EKG is recorded from two electrodes on the body

Electrodes are located on different sides of the heart (ie limbs)

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20
Q

Describe Lead I

A

The negative terminal of the electrocardiogram is connected to the right arm, and the positive terminal is connected to the left arm

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21
Q

Describe Lead II

A

The negative terminal of the electrocardiogram is connected to the right arm, and the positive terminal is connected to the left leg

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22
Q

Describe Lead III

A

The negative terminal is connected to the left arm, and the positive terminal is connected to the left leg

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23
Q

What are other types of EKG leads?

A

Chest leads

Augmented unipolar limb leads

24
Q

How many chest leads are there?

A

V1-V6
V2 in 4th interspace
V4-V6 in 5th
V3 between V2 and V4

25
Q

What are chest leads very sensitive to?

A

Potential changes underneath electrode
relatively minute abnormalities in ventricles, particularly in the anterior ventricle wall, can cause marked changes in EKG recorded from individual chest leads

26
Q

What is the flow of electrical currents in the chest around the heart?

A

Ventricular depolarization starts at the ventricular septum and the endocardial surfaces of the heart
The average current flows positively from base of heart to apex
At the very end of depolarization the current reverses from 1/100 second and flows toward the outer walls of the ventricles near the base (S wave)

27
Q

How is the QRS in chest leads V1 and V2?

A

Mainly negative because chest electrode in these leads is nearer to the base of heart
Base of heart is direction of electronegativity during most of ventricular depolarization

28
Q

How is the QRS in chest leads V4-V6?

A

Mainly positive because chest electrodes in these leads in nearer the apex of the heart
Apex is direction of electropositivity during most of depolarization

29
Q

What is the mean vector through?

A

Partially depolarized heart

30
Q

What does Einthoven’s Law state?

A

Electrical potential of any limb equals the sum of the other two
+ and - signs of leads must be observed

31
Q

If lead I is 1mV, lead III is 0.5 mv, what is lead II?

A

1.5mV

32
Q

What is augmented unipolar limb leads?

A

Two of the limbs are connected through electrical resistances to negative terminal of EKG and third limb is connected to positive terminal

33
Q

What is aVR in augmented unipolar limb leads?

A

Positive terminal is attached to right arm

34
Q

What is aVL in augmented unipolar limb leads?

A

Positive terminal is attached to left arm

35
Q

What is aVF in augmented unipolar limb leads?

A

Positive terminal is attached to left foot

36
Q

What is the R-R interval?

A

0.83 seconds

37
Q

Heart rate calculation

A

(60 sec)/(0.83 sec) = 72 beats/min

38
Q

What is the normal heart rate in dogs?

A

60-180

39
Q

What is the normal heart rate in cats?

A

180-220

40
Q

What is the width and height of the P wave in dogs?

A

W: 0.04 sec
H: 0.4 mV

41
Q

What is the width and height of the P wave in cats?

A

W: 0.04 sec
H: 0.2 mV

42
Q

What is the P-R interval in dogs? Cats?

A
  1. 06-0.15 sec

0. 05-0.09 sec

43
Q

What is the width and height of the QRS interval in dogs?

A

W: 0.06 sec
H: less than 3 mV

44
Q

What is the width and height of the QRS interval in cats?

A

W: 0.04 sec
H: less than 0.9 mV

45
Q

What is the QT interval in dogs?

A

0.15 to 0.25 sec depending on heart rate

46
Q

What is the QT interval in cats?

A

0.07 to 0.2 sec depending on heart rate

47
Q

What is the ST segment in dogs?

A

No more than 0.2 mV elevation or depression

48
Q

What is the ST segment in cats?

A

No depression or elevation

49
Q

What is the T wave in dogs and cats?

A

Positive, negative, or biphasic

50
Q

What are the 5 steps to an interpretation of an ECG strip?

A
  1. Heart rate
  2. Heart rhythm
  3. P P-wave
  4. PR interval
  5. QRS complex
51
Q

Traditionally, what does every P wave have?

A

QRS complex

52
Q

How do you know if the SA node is firing?

A

P waves are present

53
Q

What is a reasonable rate for SA node?

A

More than 45-60

54
Q

How can you tell if the SA node is calling the shots?

A

If some or all of the P waves have a QRS

55
Q

When does a dog have bradycardia? Tachycardia?

A

Heart rate of less than 70 bpm

Heart rate of more than 140 bpm

56
Q

When does a cat have bradycardia? Tachycardia?

A

Heart rate of less that 160 bpm

Heart rate of more than 220 bpm

Physiology (70 decks)

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