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Physiology > Exam 1 – Lecture 1: Dr. Langston > Flashcards

Exam 1 – Lecture 1: Dr. Langston Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment of the body in higher animals under fluctuating environmental conditions

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

The science of how the body maintains homeostasis

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3
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

The science of how the body responds to disease in an effort to maintain homeostasis. The basis for the scientific approach to medicine

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4
Q

What are all chemical reactions in the body like?

A

They are in an aqueous matrix and many use water in the reaction

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5
Q

What does circulation of fluids provide the cells?

A

Access to nutrients and removes waste

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6
Q

Why do some of the most common and important problems in clinical medicine arise?

A

Because of abnormalities in the control systems that maintain constancy of body fluids

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7
Q

What are the goals of homeostasis with fluids in the body?

A

Maintain hydration
Maintain an isotonic environment for most tissues
Maintain the microcirculation for effective exchange of fluids through tissues
Maintain a constant blood and extracellular fluid pH

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8
Q

How much water makes up the body?

A

40-70% (average 60%)

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9
Q

What must the amount of fluid you take in equal?

A

The amount of fluid you let out

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10
Q

How can water be taken in? (sources of water)

A 
Metabolism of carbohydrates
Oral intake (majority)
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11
Q

How many fluids should a cat get per day?

A

40 ml/kg

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12
Q

How many fluids should a dog get per day?

A

60 ml/kg

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13
Q

How can you figure the amount of maintenance fluids that should be given?

A

1.5 x 70 x (body weight in kg)^0.75

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14
Q

What does fluid diuresis supply?

A

IV fluids in excess of maintenance requirements to “volume load” patient and promote urine production

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15
Q

How can body water be lost?

A

Sweat (horses, man, slight cow)
Saliva for cooling (cats, rats, kangaroos)
Feces
Insensible water loss (skin, respiratory tracts)
Urine

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16
Q

What is the main cause of body water loss? How much?

A

Urine at 1 to 2 mls/kg per hours if not dehydrated

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17
Q

How do dogs blow off heat? Why?

A

Panting

They cannot sweat

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18
Q

What is a major cooling mechanism for horses?

A

Sweating

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19
Q

If an animal is 5% dehydrated, what are its symptoms?

A

Just barely detectable
Lethargic
“Tacky” mucus membranes
“Skin tent” perhaps slow

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20
Q

If an animal is 8% dehydrated, what are its symptoms?

A

Depressed
“Skin tent” 1 to 3 seconds
Eyes withdrawn into sockets
Capillary refill 2-3 seconds

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21
Q

If an animal is 10% dehydrated, what are its symptoms?

A 
Unresponsive and in shock
"Skin tent" 3 to 5 seconds
Capillary refill is more than 3 seconds
Eyes sunken into sockets
Progressing toward death
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22
Q

What do you assume 1 kg is equal to?

A

1 liter

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23
Q

What do you pinch to check “skin tent” in dogs? Cows and horses?

A

Throax

Eyelids

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24
Q

What is the deficit?

A

Dehydration losses

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25
Q

How do you figure the deficit?

A

Take the kg multiplied by the percentage of dehydration

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26
Q

How do you calculate the amount of fluids needed?

A

Deficit + maintenance + ongoing losses

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27
Q

How much of body weight is blood?

A

8%

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28
Q

How much of the blood is plasma? Cells?

A

60%

40%

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29
Q

How much of the total body water distribution is plasma?

A

5%

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30
Q

How much of the total body water distribution is interstitial fluid?

A

15%

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31
Q

How much of the total body water distribution is intracellular fluid?

A

40%

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32
Q

How much of the total body water distribution is extracellular fluid?

A

20-30%

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33
Q

What makes up extracellular fluid?

A

Plasma and interstitial fluid

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34
Q

How much of the total body water distribution is transcellular fluid?

A

Variable %

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35
Q

What fluids make up transcellular fluid?

A 
Cerebrospinal fluid
Digestive tract
Intraocular fluid
Peritoneal fluid
Pleural fluid
Synovial fluid
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36
Q

Where does interstitial fluid circulate?

A

Around the cells

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37
Q

What does the capillary membrane act as?

A

Endothelium barrier

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38
Q

What do all body fluids contain?

A

Other substances that exert osmotic pressure

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39
Q

What are the chief substances that exert osmotic pressure?

A

Ions and proteins (sodium and potassium)

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40
Q

What is a solution?

A

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, usually in a liquid

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41
Q

What is solvent?

A

The substance whose physical state is preserved in a solution

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42
Q

What is solute?

A

The substance whose physical state is changed in a solution

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43
Q

What is a crystalloid?

A

A solution that diffuses readily through semipermeable membranes, and generally is capable of being crystallized. Includes solutions with the major electrolytes or dextrose as solutes

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44
Q

What is colloid?

A

A mixture with properties between those of a solution and fine suspension. Includes blood products and hetastarch

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45
Q

What forms the major colloid in the body?

A

Proteins

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46
Q

What is a mole?

A

The molecular weight of a substance expressed in grams

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47
Q

What is a molar?

A

Number of mole per liter of fluid

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48
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure needed to prevent the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane to the solution that has the greater number of particles

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49
Q

What is plasma oncotic pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by plasma proteins on the capillary wall
A component of osmotic pressure

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50
Q

What is an osmole?

A

A unit of osmotic pressure equivalent to the amount of solute that dissociates in solution to form one mole of particles

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51
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The concentration of dissolved particles per unit of volume

osmole/L or milliosmole/mL

52
Q

What is osmolality?

A

The concentration of dissolved particles per unit of weight

53
Q

What is the osmolarity of plasma?

A

280-310 mOsm/L

54
Q

What is tonicity?

A

Discussed in terms of osmolarity across a membrane

Refers to the effects of a fluid on a cell it surrounds

55
Q

What is the osmolarity of isotonic fluids like compared to the inside of a cell? Hypotonic fluids? Hypertonic fluids?

A

The same
Less than
Greater than

56
Q

When we give fluids, what kind is it 90% of the time?

A

Isotonic

57
Q

When something is isotonic, what happens?

A

No change

58
Q

When something is hypotonic, what happens?

A

Cell swells

59
Q

When something is hypertonic, what happens?

A

Cell shrinks

60
Q

What does a hypertonic saline help with in emergencies?

A

Increasing blood pressure

61
Q

What is very important in water regulation?

A

Kidney and adrenal glands

62
Q

What do osmoreceptors in the brain respond to?

A

Changes in extracellular tonicity to alter thirst and water intake

63
Q

What are idiogenic osmoles?

A

Osmotically active substances generated in neurons

64
Q

What can the neuron do to idiogenic osmoles?

A

Increase or decrease the number of idiogenic osmoles to balance its osmolarity against that of plasma and the extracellular fluids

65
Q

What does Starling’s hypothesis state?

A

The fluid movement due to filtration across the wall of a capillary is dependent on the balance between the hydrostatic pressure gradient and the oncotic pressure gradient across the capillary

66
Q

What are the 4 Starling’s forces?

A

Hydrostatic pressure in the capillary (Pc)
Hydrostatic pressure in the interstitium (Pi)
Oncotic pressure in the capillary (pc)
Oncotic pressure in the interstitium (pi)

67
Q

What is edema?

A

Tissue swelling from fluid accumulation

68
Q

What does edema cause?

A

Cellular damage and swelling

69
Q

What causes edema?

A

Disruption of Starling’s forces

70
Q

What can cause a disruption of Starling’s forces?

A

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Decreased capillary oncotic pressure
Increase capillary permeability
Blockage of lymphatics

71
Q

What does increased capillary hyrdrostatic pressure cause?

A

A pressure build up on the venous side of the heart

72
Q

What are some safety factors that help prevent edema?

A

Interstitial tissue has a negative pressure
Lymphatic system increases outflow
Washdown of interstitial fluid protein

73
Q

What are transcellular spaces?

A

Potential spaces where the accumulation of fluids can occur

74
Q

What is the fluid accumulation in transcellular spaces called?

A

Effusion (sometimes called 3rd spacing)

75
Q

What is 1st space shifting?

A

Normal distribution of fluid in both the ECF and ICF compartments

76
Q

What is 2nd space shifting?

A

Excess accumulation of interstitial fluid

77
Q

What is 3rd space shifting?

A

Fluid accumulation in potential spaces

78
Q

What did the revised Starling’s hypothesis include?

A

Role of endothelial glycocalyx

79
Q

Which is more acidic, venous blood or arterial blood?

A

Venous

80
Q

Which is more available, venous blood or arterial blood?

A

Venous

81
Q

What is the only place in the body that has extensive pH?

A

Urine

82
Q

What can happen with the different pH levels of urine?

A

Different diseases are affected by a certain pH

83
Q

What can be changed to manipulate urine pH?

A

Diet

84
Q

What happens if urine has a pH of 7.2? 7.0?

A

Animal is very sick

Death

85
Q

What is an acid?

A

An ion molecule that can release hydrogen ions into solution (donates hydrogen ion)

86
Q

What is a strong acid?

A

Rapidly dissociates and releases large amounts of H+ into solution

87
Q

What is a weak acid?

A

Slowly dissociates and releases small amounts of H+ into solution

88
Q

What is the only strong acid in the body?

A

HCl

89
Q

What is a base?

A

An ion or molecule that can accept an H+ into solution

90
Q

What does a strong base do?

A

Reacts rapidly and strongly with H+ and quickly removes them from solution

91
Q

What does a weak base do?

A

Binds with H+ more weakly than it does OH-

92
Q

What is the most common weak base?

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

93
Q

What do proteins in the body function as? Why?

A

A base

Because some of the amino acids that make up proteins have net negative charges that readily accept H+

94
Q

What are some of the most important bases in the body?

A

Hemoglobin in RBCs and proteins in other cells

95
Q

What are some acid-base balancing systems?

A

Respiratory (expiration of CO2)
Renal (excretion and retention of H+ and HCO3-)
Buffering systems

96
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A substance that stabilizes the hydrogen-ion concentration of a solution by neutralizing, within limits, both acids and bases

97
Q

What are the intracellular primary buffering systems?

A

Intracellular proteins

Phosphate buffer system

98
Q

What are the extracellular primary buffering systems?

A

Hemoglobin

Bicarbonate buffering system

99
Q

What is the bicarbonate buffering system important in?

A

Maintaining the pH of the extracellular fluid

100
Q

Buffers are one of the main ways that __________.

A

The body maintains pH

101
Q

Know the equation for the bicarbonate buffer system

A

CO2 + H20 –> H2CO3 —> H+ + HCO3-

102
Q

What are the 4 primary acid-base disturbances?

A

Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis

103
Q

What is the most common acid-base disturbance?

A

Metabolic acidosis

104
Q

How much aspirin can be given to a cat?

A

10 mg/kg every 2-3 days

105
Q

How much aspirin can be given to a dog?

A

10 mg/kg every 12 hours

106
Q

Why does diarrhea cause?

A

Loss of the hydrogen ion

107
Q

What does excess CO2 do to the respiration rate?

A

Increases it

108
Q

What impacts respiration?

A

CO2

109
Q

Why does metabolic acidosis happen?

A

Because there is not enough bicarbonate or addition of acid

110
Q

What can cause metabolic alkalosis?

A

Loss of acid (vomiting)

111
Q

What does metabolic alkalosis tell the body to do?

A

Retain CO2

112
Q

How can you combat metabolic alkalosis?

A

Dilute acid IV or isotinic saline and NaCl

113
Q

What can cause respiratory acidosis and alkalosis?

A

No ventilating or breathing properly

114
Q

What can panting cause?

A

Respiratory alkalosis

115
Q

Can the bicarbonate system correct respiratory acidosis or alkalosis?

A

No

116
Q

How can respiratory acidosis or alkalosis be corrected?

A

If it’s an anesthetic problem, it can be corrected primarily through cellular buffers.
If it’s from a disease, it is up to the kidney

117
Q

What is the primary reason for metabolic acidosis? How can it be compensated?

A

Low HCO3

Decrease the pCO2 by hyperventilation

118
Q

What is the primary reason for metabolic alkalosis? How can it be compensated?

A

High HCO3

Increase the pCO2 by hypoventilation

119
Q

What is the primary reason for respiratory acidosis? How can it be compensated?

A

High pCO2

Kidneys retain HCO3

120
Q

What is the primary reason for respiratory alkalosis? How can it be compensated?

A

Low pCO2

Kidneys excrete HCO3

121
Q

Know equations for metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alkalosis

A

Know equations for metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alkalosis

122
Q

What does hydrostatic pressure in the capillary do?

A

Tends to force fluid outward through capillary membrane

Fluid moves from capillary into interstitium

123
Q

What does hydrostatic pressure in the interstitium do?

A

Tends to force fluid inward through capillary membrane

Fluid moves from the interstitium into capillary

124
Q

What does oncotic pressure in the capillary do?

A

Tends to cause osmosis of fluid inward through capillary membrane
Fluid moves via osmosis from the interstitium into capillary

125
Q

What does oncotic pressure in the interstitium do?

A

Tends to cause osmosis of fluid outward through capillary membrane
Fluid moves via osmosis from the capillary into interstitium

Physiology (70 decks)

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