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Physiology > Exam 4: Acid-Base > Flashcards

Exam 4: Acid-Base Flashcards

1
Q

What can hydrogen ions do?

A

Alter the structure and function of virtually every protein

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2
Q

What can metabolic acidosis cause?

A 
Decreased myocardial contractility
Vasodilation
Reduced responsiveness to catecholamines
Impaired coagulation
Decreased cell function
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3
Q

What can respiratory acidosis cause?

A

Cerebral edema via vasodilation

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4
Q

What is the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration?

A

pH is inversely proportional to hydrogen ion concentration

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5
Q

What is the normal blood pH?

A

About 7.4 (7.35-7.45)

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6
Q

What are the physiologic limits of blood pH?

A

About 6.8 – 8.0

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7
Q

What is the urine pH?

A

4.5–8.5

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8
Q

What are the different buffers used for controlling changes in H+ and their location of action?

A

Bicarb (Extracellular)
Proteins (Intracellular)
Phosphate (Intracellular and renal tubules)
Ammonia (Renal tubules)

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9
Q

What does the bicarbonate buffer system consist of?

A

Carbonic acid and bicarbonate salt

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10
Q

What happens if an acid is added to the bicarbonate buffer system?

A

Consumed by bicarb, driving the equation left

Carbon dioxide is produced and exhaled

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11
Q

What happens if a base is a dded to the bicarbonate buffer system?

A

Consumed by carbonic acid, driving the equation to the right

Carbon dioxide is consumed and ventilation decreases

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12
Q

What is required to keep the bicarbonate system working at maximum efficiency?

A

Ventilation

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13
Q

What is minute ventilation controlled by?

A

Tidal volume and respiratory rate

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14
Q

What are the 2 main stimuli of ventilation?

A

Changes in blood CO2

Changes in blood O2

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15
Q

What allows urine and blood pH to be controlled?

A

Bicarb is filtered continuously and reabsorbed
Hydrogen ions are being secreted
New bicarb can be made
Non-volatile acids are filtered

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16
Q

How do the kidneys respond to alkalosis?

A

Fail to reabsorb bicarb

17
Q

How do the kidneys respond to acidosis?

A

Reabsorbs all bicarb
Actively secrete H+
Makes new bicarb

18
Q

Where does bicarb reabsorption and H+ secretion occur?

A

In all segments except the thin loop of henle

19
Q

What must be secreted in order to reabsorb bicarb?

A

H+

20
Q

What is actively secreted in the intercalated cells?

A

H+

21
Q

What are the buffering systems to maximize H+ secretion?

A 
Phosphate system
Ammonium system (most important quantitatively)
22
Q

What are the 2 main jobs of buffers?

A

Keep hydrogen ion concentration in urine low

Help form new bicarb

23
Q

What does the ammonia buffer system become with chronic acidosis?

A

Dominant means by which acid is secreted

24
Q

What are the 3 main factors that affect H+ secretion?

A

Hydrogen ion concentration
CO2 concentration
Process that control Na

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