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Physiology > Exam 2 – cardio Ch 16 > Flashcards

Exam 2 – cardio Ch 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of microcirculation?

A

Important in the transport of nutrients to tissues
Site of waste product removal
Over 10 billion capillaries with surface area of 500-700 square meters perform function of solute and fluid exchange

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2
Q

How does the heart know how much blood to pump out of arteries?

A

How much venous blood flow returns

Heart pumps whatever comes to it

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3
Q

What is the structure of capillary wall?

A

Composed of unicellular layer of endothelial cells Surrounded by a basement membrane

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4
Q

What is the diameter of a capillary?

A

4-9 microns

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5
Q

How do solute and water move across capillary wall?

A

Intercellular cleft

By plasmalemma vesicles

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6
Q

What is the intercellular cleft?

A

Thin-slit, curving channel that lies at top of figure between adjacent endothelial cells

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7
Q

What do plasmalemma vesicles play a role in?

A

Endocytosis

Transcytosis

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8
Q

Why is it important that RBCs are biconcave?

A

Capillaries are smaller than RBCs so RBCs use concave characteristic and bend in order to move into capillary

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9
Q

What are the different types of capillaries?

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoid

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10
Q

What are continuous capillaries?

A

Harder to get materials through

Continuous membrane

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11
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries?

A

A lot of fluid passes through

Ex: kidney

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12
Q

What are sinusoid capillaries?

A

Great big spaces
Nothing holding in blood
Ex: spleen

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13
Q

How does molecular size affect passage of molecules across the capillary wall?

A

The width of capillary intercellular slit pores is 6-7 nanometers
The permeability of the capillary pores for different substances varies according to their molecular diameters

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14
Q

What do capillaries in different tissues have extreme differences in?

A

Permeabilities

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15
Q

How do solutes and fluids cross the capillary wall?

A

Most important means by which substances are transferred between plasma and interstitial fluid is by diffusion

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16
Q

How do lipid soluble substances diffuse?

A

Directly through cell membrane of capillaries

CO2 and O2

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17
Q

How do lipid insoluble substances diffuse?

A

Cross capillary walls via intercellular walls

H20, Na, Cl, and glucose

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18
Q

What do concentration differences across capillaries enhance?

A

Diffusion

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19
Q

Look at relative permeability of muscle capillary pores to different-sized molecules chart

A

Look at relative permeability of muscle capillary pores to different-sized molecules chart

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20
Q

What is space between cells called?

A

Interstitium

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21
Q

What is fluid in the interstitium called?

A

Interstitial fluid

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22
Q

What are the two major types of solid structures in the interstitium?

A

Collagen fibers

Proteoglycan filaments

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23
Q

What are the purpose of collagen fibers in interstitium?

A

Provide most of tensional strength of tissues

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24
Q

What are proteoglycan filaments?

A

Coiled molecules composed of hyaluronic acid

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25
What is almost all fluid in interstitium in the form of?
Gel
26
What is gel?
Fluid proteoglycan mixtures
27
Under normal conditions, is there a lot of free fluid?
No, very little free fluid
28
What is normal capillary hydrostatic pressure?
Approximately 17 mmHg
29
What is interstitial fluid pressure in most tissues?
Negative
30
What type of pressures do encapsulated organs have?
Positive interstitial pressures | +5 to +10 mmHg
31
What is negative interstitial fluid pressure caused by?
Pumping of lymphatic system
32
What is colloid osmotic pressure caused by?
Presence of large proteins | Oncotic pressure
33
What effect does presence of negative ions on proteins have on colloid osmotic effect?
Increased colloid osmotic effect of proteins | Donnan effect
34
What is normal plasma colloid osmotic pressure?
28 mmHg
35
What is normal plasma protein concentration?
7.3 g/dl
36
What is the reflection coefficient of capillaries?
Quantitates the amount of protein that is reflected away from the capillary membrane
37
What does the reflection coefficient of 1 mean?
All proteins are reflected and none pass through pores
38
What does reflection coefficient of 0 mean?
Membrane is permeable to all proteins
39
What are the determinants of net fluid movement across capillaries?
Hydrostatic capillary pressure Hydrostatic interstitial pressure Plasma colloid osmotic pressure Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
40
Define plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Oppose filtration causing osmosis of water inward through the membrane Tends to cause osmosis of fluid inward through capillary membrane
41
What are some factors that lead to changes in plasma colloid osmotic pressure?
Liver failure Nephrosis Dilutional
42
Define interstitial fluid colloid pressure
Promotes filtration by causing osmosis of fluid outward through the membrane Tends to cause osmosis of fluid outward through capillary membrane
43
Define capillary hydrostatic pressure
Tends to force fluid outward through capillary membrane
44
What are some factors that capillary hydrostatic pressure?
Decreases arteriole resistance Increases venous pressure Overall increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
45
Define interstitial fluid pressure (Pif)
Opposes filtration when value is positive | Tends to force fluid inward through capillary membrane when Pif is positive but outward when Pif is negative
46
What is interstitial fluid pressure in most tissues?
-3 mmHg
47
What factors determine colloid osmotic pressure?
75% of total colloid osmotic pressure of plasma results from the presence of albumin and 25% is due to globulins
48
What is interstitial protein concentration?
3 gm/dl
49
What is the normal interstitial colloid osmotic pressure?
8 mmHg
50
Define filtration rate
Net filtration pressure multiplied by the filtration coefficient
51
Ddefine filtration coefficient
A product of surface area times the hydraulic conductivity of membrane
52
How much of filtered fluid is reabsorbed on venous end?
90%
53
Where is the remaining 10% of blood reabsorbed at?
Returned to circulation via lymphatics
54
What are forces causing filtration at the arteriole end of the capillary?
``` Forces tending to move fluid outward -Capillary pressure 30 mmHg -Negative interstitial free fluid pressure 3 mmHg -Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure 8 mmHg TOTAL OUTWARD FORCE 41 mmHG Forces tending to move fluid inward -Plasma colloid osmotic pressure 28 mmHg TOTAL INWARD FORCE 28 mmHg ```
55
What is the net outward force on arteriole end of capillary?
``` Summation of forces -Outward 41 mmHg -Inward 28 mmHg NET OUTWARD FORCE 13 mmHg Tending to move fluid outward through capillary pores ```
56
What are forces causing filtration at the venous end of the capillary?
``` Forces tending to move fluid outward -Capillary pressure 10 mmHg -Negative interstitial free fluid pressure 3 mmHg -Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure 8 mmHg TOTAL OUTWARD FORCE 21 mmHG Forces tending to move fluid inward -Plasma colloid osmotic pressure 28 mmHg TOTAL INWARD FORCE 28 mmHg ```
57
What is the net outward force on arteriole end of capillary?
``` Summation of forces -Outward 21 mmHg -Inward 28 mmHg NET OUTWARD FORCE 7mmHg Force causes fluid to move into capillary is greater than opposing reabsorption ```
58
What are net starling forces in capillaries?
Mean forces tending to move fluid outward -Mean capillary pressure 17.3 mmHg Negative interstitial free fluid pressure 3 mmHg -Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure 38mHg TOTAL OUTWARD FORCE 28 mmHg Mean force tending to move fluid inward -Plasma colloid osmotic pressure 28 mmHg TOTAL INWARD FORCE 28 mmHg
59
What is the summation of mean forces for net starling forces in capillaries?
Outward 28.3 mmHg Inward 28 mmHg NET OUTWARD FORCE 0.3 mmHg
60
What is the net filtration pressure?
0.3 mmHg which causes a net filtration rate of 2mL/min for entire body
61
What is the lympathic system an accessory route for?
Route by which fluid and protein can flow from interstitial spaces to the blood
62
What is the lymphatic system important in?
Prevent edema
63
What is the lymph derived from?
From interstitial fluid that flows into lymphatics
64
What is the lymphatic system a major route for?
Absorption of nutrients from the GI tract
65
What does the lymphatic system play an important role in?
Immune system
66
What is the thoracic duct?
Whole system that delivers to your entire body and they tend to join together and go on either side of your venous system
67
What are some causes of thoracic duct encounters?
A cat gets hit by a car | Taking blood samples from pigs
68
How does the lymphatic pump affect lymph flow?
The degree of activity of the lymphatic pump | Smooth muscle filaments in lymph vessel cause them to contract
69
What contributes to lymphatic pumping?
External compression
70
How do changes in interstitial hydrostatic pressure affect lymph flow?
Increase interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure which increases lymph flow
71
What are the effects of increased lymph flow?
Elevated capillary hydrostatic pressure Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure Increased interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure Increased impermeability of capillaries
72
What could cause a late term pregnant mare to have pitting edema?
Caused by obstruction of abdominal veins, lymphatics, and proteins (albumin) in blood

Physiology (70 decks)

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