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Physiology > Exam 5: Intro to Repro Endocrinology > Flashcards

Exam 5: Intro to Repro Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What does a 3% increase in reproductive rates equate to?

A

1 million more beef calves per year

  1. 2 million pigs per year
  2. 7 million gallons of milk per year
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2
Q

What does the endocrine system use hormones to do?

A

Bathe cells in body tissues

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3
Q

What allows for the precise control over reproductive function in both the male and female?

A

The interaction of anatomical structures, hormones, and target tissues

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4
Q

What is secretion, transport, and clearance controlled by?

A

Feedback mechanisms

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5
Q

What does transport depend on?

A

Water solubility or whether the hormone is protein bound

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6
Q

What does clearance occur via?

A

Metabolic destruction
Binding with tissues
Hepatic excretion
Renal excretion

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7
Q

Where do reproductive hormones come from?

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Gonads

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8
Q

Describe the hypothalamus

A

The master organ

Combination of neuro and endocrine center

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9
Q

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

A 
Endocrine system
Body temperature
Appetite
Sexual behavior
Fear/rage centers
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10
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

Action of the pituitary through the median eminence

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11
Q

What does the median eminence do?

A

Connects the hypothalamus with the pituitary

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12
Q

What does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

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13
Q

What specifically secretes GnRH?

A

The axon of neurons

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14
Q

How does GnRH get to the pituitary?

A

Enters into the portal system and is carried locally to the pituitary

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15
Q

Describe the anterior pituitary

A

Located just below the hypothalamus

Receives GnRH from hypothalamus via portal system

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16
Q

What does the anterior pituitary release?

A 
Lutenizing hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
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17
Q

Can you get LH as a pharmaceutical?

A

No, but you can get products that act like LH

18
Q

What does LH drive?

A

Ovulation

19
Q

What can FSH do?

A

Increase the amount of follicular waves

It is used to superovulate cows

20
Q

Describe the surge center

A

Releases large volumes of GnRH

This surge of GnRH will then have a LH surge

21
Q

Describe the tonic center

A

Slow, consistent release of GnRH

22
Q

What is the posterior pituitary the site of?

A

Oxytocin release

23
Q

Describe oxytocin

A

Formed in the parventricular nuclei of hypothalamus and travels down nerve ending to the posterior pituitary where it is eventually released by exocytosis

24
Q

What kind of hormone is oxytocin?

A

Neuroendocrine

25
Q

What do the gonads receive?

A

Hormonal stimulation from the gonadotropins released from the AP (FSH and LH)

26
Q

What do the testicles secrete?

A

Testosterone

Estrogen

27
Q

What does LH act on in the testicles?

A

The Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

28
Q

What does FSH stimulate in the testicles?

A

The Sertoli cells to produce estrogen from testosterone

29
Q

What are the sertoli cells responsible for?

A

Spermatogenesis

30
Q

What is testosterone responsible for?

A

Distinguishing characteristics of males
Maleness
Penis/scrotum formation

31
Q

What is the SRY gene?

A

The sex determining region of the Y chromosome that causes genital ridge to produce testosterone and become testes
Testicular descent
Muscle formation

32
Q

What do the ovaries secrete?

A

Estrogen

Progesterone

33
Q

What does FSH act on the ovary (follicle) to do?

A

Produce estrogen and stimulate follicular development

34
Q

What does LH act on the ovary to do?

A

Stimulate ovulation and corpus luteum funciton

35
Q

Describe the process to start ovulation

A

Hypothalamus produces GnRH acting on the AP to produce of FSH and LH
FSH and LH act on ovary to stimulate follicular development
The follicle produces estrogen, which has a positive feedback early on
Estrogen drives the cycle faster
Ultimately, enough feedback causes a surge of GnRH, which causes a surge in LH which causes ovulation

36
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

It has a negative feedback on FSH and suppresses additional FSH release

37
Q

Why is suppressing additional FSH release important?

A

It stops the process and keeps cows from being a litter bearing species

38
Q

What occurs once the animal ovulates?

A

There is a CL that produces progesterone, which has a negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary

39
Q

What can progesterone do to the stallion? Why?

A

Dampen the activity/attitude

It has a negative feedback on the hypothalamus and suppresses LH thus dampening testosterone production

40
Q

Describe the male system of hormone release

A

Hypothalamus releases GnRH, which has a positive feedback on the AP
AP releases LH and FSH
LH has a positive feedback on Leydig cells causing the release of testosterone
FSH has a positive feedback on Sertoli cells which causes spermatogenesis and the release of inhibin

41
Q

What are the actions of testosterone?

A

Positive feedback on virilizing effects
Negative feedback on hypothalamus and AP
Positive feedback on Sertoli cells

42
Q

What are the actions of inhibin?

A

Negative feedback on hypothalamus and AP

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