Exam 2 – Cardio Ch 24 Flashcards
What is circulatory shock?
Inadequate cardiac output to meet tissue needs
What are the causes of circulatory shock?
Decreased cardiac function curve
Decreased venous return
What can cause a decreased cardiac function curve?
Myocardial infarction Valvular disease Arrhythmias Metabolic problems Myocarditis
What can cause decreased venous return?
Decreased blood volume
Decreased vascular tone
What are the different types of shock?
Reversible Irreversible Compensated Progressive Hypovolemic (most common) Obstruction to blood flow Neurogenic Anaphylactic Septic
What occurs during compensated shock?
Sympathetic output Angiotensin II CNS ischemic response ADH Reverse stress relaxation (neurogenic shock or loss of vasomotor tone) Absorption of fluid into blood
What occurs during progressive shock?
Cardiac shock Myocardial depressant factor Vasomotor center failure causes vascular dilation Sludged blood Capillary permeability increases Endotoxin release Cell damage in liver and pancreas
Look at arterial pressure and cardiac output responses to hemorrhage
Look at arterial pressure and cardiac output responses to hemorrhage
Look at progressive and irreversible shock
Look at progressive and irreversible shock
What does acidosis in shock prevent?
Glycolysis
What is the irreversible stage of shock postponed by?
Fructose 1,6 diphosphate
Why do you get acidosis?
Because there is a lack of blood supply
What happens during hypovolemic shock?
External fluid loss
What are the different methods of external fluid loss?
Hemorrhage GI Renal fluid loss Cutaneous fluid loss Intestinal obstruction
Describe hemorrhage
Whole blood
Massive trauma in people- plasma:platelets:RBCs 1:1:1 versus 1:1:2. Stop the hemorrhage
What are the 2 types of fluid loss in the GI?
Vomiting
Diarrhea
What is vomiting therapy?
Electrolyte solution
What is diarrhea therapy?
Electrolyte solution
What are the different types of dehydration?
Mild (4-5%)
Moderate (6-8%)
Severe (more than 10%)
What is dehydration determined by?
Physical examination, PCV, and total protein
What are the methods of renal fluid loss?
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes insipidus
Excessive use of diuretics
What is excessive use of diuretic therapy?
Electrolyte solution
What are methods of cutaneous fluid loss?
Burns-direct plasma loss
Perspiration
How can you treat fluid loss from perspiration?
Give saline
What is a type of fluid loss in intestinal obstruction?
Plasma loss
What does obstruction to blood flow cause?
Shock
What can cause an obstruction to blood flow?
Pulmonary embolus/saddle thrombus in cats
Cardiac tamponade
Dissecting aortic aneurysm
What is the therapy for neurogenic shock?
Sympathomimetic
What are the different causes of neurogenic shock?
Drug induced
Brain damage
Spinal injury
What can cause a drug induced neurogenic shock?
Ingestion
Too deep anesthesia
Ganglionic blockers
What are causes of septic shock?
Bacteremia/septicemia
Perionitis
What are symptoms of septic shock?
Decreased CO
High fever
Disseminated iv. coagulation
What are the different therapies for shock?
Hypovolemia Sympathomimetic Glucocorticoids Morphine to block pain Head down position, anti-shock trousers
