Exam 1 – Dr. Thomason: Leukocytes

Question 1

What are the 2 broad categories of leukocytes?

Answer 1

Polymorphonuclear

Mononuclear

Question 2

What are the polymorphonuclear leukocytes?

Answer 2

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 3

What are the mononuclear leukocytes?

Answer 3

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

Question 4

What are leukocytes involved with?

Answer 4

Immunity

Question 5

What do granulocytes and monocytes do?

Answer 5

Protect against invading organisms and allergies

Question 6

What do lymphocytes do?

Answer 6

Regulation of the immune system

Question 7

Where are leukocytes formed?

Answer 7

Bone marrow

Question 8

Where do most lymphocytes continue to mature and replicate?

Answer 8

Lymphoid tissue (lymph node and spleen)

Question 9

What are monocytes and neutrophils derived from?

Answer 9

Common progenitor cell (CFU-GM)

Question 10

What do T and B lymphocytes have a significant role in?

Answer 10

Regulation of immunity

Question 11

What is the most numerous and most important cell?

Answer 11

Neutrophils

Question 12

What do neutrophils do?

Answer 12

Phagocytize microorganisms

Eliminate microorganisms via intracellular vesicles

Question 13

What do neutrophils contain?

Answer 13

Antimicrobial substances in granules

Question 14

What 2 bone marrow compartments do neutrophils develop in?

Answer 14

Proliferation or mitotic compartment (20%)

Maturation and storage compartment (80%)

Question 15

What does the release of immature neutrophils lead to?

Answer 15

Left shift

Question 16

How many days does it take to increase the number of neutrophils?

Answer 16

3-5

Question 17

How is production regulated?

Answer 17

During microbial invasion and tissue injury, activated leukocytes release growth factors

Question 18

What specifically are released by leukocytes?

Answer 18

Colony-stimulating factors

Question 19

What are examples of colony-stimulating factors?

Answer 19

CSF-granulocyte
CSF-granulocyte/macrophage
Increase cellular proliferation, differentiation
Enhance cell function

Question 20

What do cytokines and interleukins do?

Answer 20

Stimulate marrow release
Promote margination and endothelium adhesion
Stimulate emigration of neutrophils
Induce chemotaxis
Enhance phagocytosis

Question 21

How long do neutrophils survive in the blood? Tissues?

Answer 21

8-10 hours

24-48 hours

Question 22

Where does neutrophil’s work usually occur?

Answer 22

In tissue, but it can work in circulation

Question 23

What happens in leukocyte migration?

Answer 23

Neutrophils leave the circulation and enter tissues through a process of diapedesis

Question 24

What causes neutrophils to move to inflamed tissues?

Answer 24

They are attracted by chemokines and cytokines

Question 25

What does the primary mechanism of neutrophils involve?

Answer 25

Phagocytosis

Question 26

What does phagocytosis depend on?

Answer 26

Smooth surfaces Normal/healthy cells have protective proteins Antibodies

Question 27

What does from an oxidative burst?

Answer 27

Oxidizing agents Superoxide Hydrogen peroxide Hypochlorite

Question 28

What causes tissues to change?

Answer 28

Substances released from tissues and infectious agents

Question 29

What does vasodilation allow for?

Answer 29

More cells to come to the area to help with inflammation

Question 30

What do monocytes become in the tissue?

Answer 30

Macrophages

Question 31

How long do monocytes circulate? Where happens after?

Answer 31

24 hours | Recruited to sites of inflammation

Question 32

What are the lines of defense?

Answer 32

``` First line (tissue macrophages) Second line (neutrophil infiltration) Third line (monocyte infiltration) ```

Question 33

What is the third line of defense like?

Answer 33

Fewer monocytes Smaller pools of monocytes Slower infiltration Longer to start phagocytosis

Question 34

What percentage of blood leukocytes are eosinophils?

Answer 34

Less than 2%

Question 35

What are basophils important in?

Answer 35

Hypersensitivity reactions and allergic reactions