Crossword CPA #16 Flashcards
process of blood cell formation
hematopoiesis
55% of blood; mostly water with some ions, gases, nutrients, proteins, and clotting factors
plasma
areas where bacteria do not grow on agar
zone of inhibition
a test that is a combination of a MIC and diffusion susceptibility test
Etest
the ability of a microbe to survive similar drug exposures in the future
cross resistance
when taking a second drug helps the first drug work better against a microbe than if the first drug was taken by itself
synergism
a test to measure the minimal amount of a drug to inhibit microbial growth
MIC
agranulocyte found in high numbers during viral infection
lymphocytes
granulocyte that secretes histamine to increase inflammation; cannot phagocytize
basophils
agranulocyte that matures into macrophages
monocytes
cell that can phagocytose foreign invaders; found in several locations of the body including in the epidermis
dendritic
granulocyte that can phagocytose but prefers to secrete antimicrobial chemicals; found in high numbers during helminth infections and allergic reactions; can eject mitochondrial DNA to kill bacteria
eosinophil
damaged in smokers; physically removes microbes
ciliary escalator
a test to measure the smallest amount of drug to kill a microbe
MBC
includes monocytes and lymphocytes
agranulocytes
aka antimicrobial peptides; peptides that defend against pathogen infection
defensins
this is why humans can’t contract most of the diseases that infect plants, animals, etc.
species resistance
when normal microbiota consume nutrients and change local pH to be unfavorable to other microbes; also produce vitamins
microbial antagonism
Produces and drains tears
Lacrimal apparatus
Includes basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils
Granulocytes
Line the respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive tracts; part of the first line of defense
Mucous membranes
Aka RBCs; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Erythrocytes
Process by which WBC (such as neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils) can slip through blood vessels to get to site of infection
Diapedesis
Location of blood cell formation
Bone marrow
Aka third line of defense; response to subsequent infection by identical microbe; specific
Adaptive immunity
Aka WBC; help with immunity
Leukocytes
Secreted by the body; dehydrates microbes and contains lysosomes
Sweat
Cells in the mucous membrane of respiratory system that secrete sticky mucous to trap bacteria
Goblet cells
Secreted by body; maintains skin pH of 5
Keeps skin pliable
Sebum
Aka first two lines of defense; present at birth; non-specific
Innate immunity
Enzyme that destroys bacteria cell walls; secreted by several components of the first line of defense
Lysozyme
Part of the first line of defense; outermost physical barrier that is continually replaced and contains phagocytic dendritic cells
Epidermis
Pieces of the megakaryocytes; help with blood clotting
Platelets
Part of the first line of defense; includes collagen, blood vessels, sweat and oil glands
Dermis
45% of blood; include erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes
Formed elements
The amount of drug a patient can tolerate and the drug still be effective
Therapeutic range
Granulocyte that can phagocytoses; found in high numbers during bacteria and fungi infections; can commit cell suicide to form NETs to trap bacteria with thei nuclear DNA
Neutrophils
