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Bio200: COTC 2023 > CPA #20 Questions > Flashcards

CPA #20 Questions Flashcards

1
Q

define: molecular mimicry

A

occurs when infectious agent has an epitope that is very similar/identical to a self antigen; body produces antibodies (autoantibodies) which damage body tissue

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2
Q

define: autoimmune hemolytic anemia

A

type II hypersensitivity; produce antibodies against own RBCs

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3
Q

define: type 1 diabetes

A

immunological attack leading to loss of ability to produce insulin; aka juvenile-onset diabetes

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4
Q

define: graves disease

A

autoimmune response leading to stimulation of overproduction of glandular tissue in thyroid gland

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5
Q

define: multiple sclerosis

A

type IV hypersensitivity; cell-mediated immune response against bacteria or virus generating cytotoxic T cells that mistakenly attack and destroy myelin sheath that insulate brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

define: primary immunodeficiency disease

A

detectable at birth; develop in infants and young children; result of a genetic or developmental defect

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7
Q

define: secondary immunodeficiency disease

A

acquired; developed later in life as direct consequence of a secondary cause; malnutrition, severe stress, infectious disease

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8
Q

define: chronic granulomatous disease

A

ineffective phagocytes leading to uncontrolled infections

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9
Q

define: severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCIDs)

A

lack of T cells and B cells leading to lack of resistance to any type of infection, leading to rapid death

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10
Q

define: DiGeorge syndrome

A

non-developed thymus; lack T cells and thus no cell-mediated immunity leading to overwhelming viral infections

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11
Q

define: bruton-type agammaglobulinemia

A

lack of B cells and thus lack of antibodies leading to overwhelming bacterial infections

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12
Q

what does AIDS stand for?

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

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13
Q

why is AIDS considered a syndrome?

A

it is a group of signs, symptoms, and diseases with a common pathology

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14
Q

define: HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus

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15
Q

what cells does HIV target?

A

CD4+ cells; helper T cells

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16
Q

what genomic material is in HIV?

A

ssRNA

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17
Q

define: reverse transcriptase

A

used by retroviruses to to make a DNA copy of own genome

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18
Q

list the 8 steps to HIV replication

A
  1. attachment
  2. entry
  3. uncoating
  4. synthesis of DNA
  5. integration
  6. synthesis of RNA
  7. release
  8. assembly and maturation
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19
Q

define: attachment (HIV)

A

attach to helper T cells, macrophage cells, smooth muscle cells, dendritic cells

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20
Q

define: entry (HIV)

A

triggers cells to endocytize the virus

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21
Q

define: uncoating (HIV)

A

viral envelope fuses with vesicle membrane and HIV capsid enters the cytosol

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22
Q

define: synthesis of DNA (HIV)

A

reverse transcriptase synthesis dsDNA

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23
Q

define: integration (HIV)

A

dsDNA enters nucleus and becomes part of human DNA

24
Q

define: synthesis of DNA (HIV)

A

transcription of HIV genes to produce mRNA and multiple copies of viral ssRNA

25
Q

define: release (HIV)

A

immature virion is released

26
Q

define: assembly and maturation (HIV)

A

protease (viral enzyme) cleaves the nonvirulent capsid to release reverse transcriptase

27
Q

define: integrase

A

viral enzyme; inserts dsDNA provirus into human chromosome; permanently remains part of cellular DNA

28
Q

how many people have been killed by AIDs

A

39 million

29
Q

how many people are infected by AIDs?

A

35 million

30
Q

how many new cases of AIDs are there/hour and daily?

A

240 worldwide; 130 in US daily

31
Q

what body secretions contain enough HIV for infection?

A

blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk

32
Q

how long does it take to develop antibodies to diagnose HIV?

A

6 months-3 years

33
Q

define: HIV long-term non-progressors

A

do not develop AIDS even though they’re infected

34
Q

define: ART

A

antiretroviral therapy; cocktail of 3+ antiviral drugs to reduce viral replication

35
Q

what precautions can be taken to reduce infection of HIV?

A
  1. abstinence
  2. new/clean needles
  3. antiviral drugs to protect baby
  4. screening blood products
36
Q

define: food microbiology

A

use of microorganisms in food production and prevention of food related illness and food spoilage

37
Q

define: industrial microbiology

A

application of microbes to industrial manufacturing processes and solutions to environmental, health, and agricultural problems

38
Q

define: fermentation

A

any desirable changes that occur to a food or beverage as a result of microbial growth

39
Q

define: spoilage

A

unwanted change to a food that occurs from undesirable metabolic reactions, growth of pathogens, or presence of unwanted microbes

40
Q

what organism helps bread rise?

A

saccharomyces cerevisiae

41
Q

how does the organism help bread rise?

A

release CO2

42
Q

what intrinsic factors contribute to food spoilage?

A

nutrient content, water activity, pH, physical structure of food

43
Q

how do intrinsic factors contribute to food spoilage?

A

fortified foods enriched with vitamins and minerals may inadvertently facilitate more growth; water is available to pathogens

44
Q

what extrinsic factors contribute to food spoilage?

A

the way it is handled/processed

45
Q

define: perishable

A

most likely to spoil; need to be kept cold, only last for days; nutrient rich, moist, unprotected by coverings

46
Q

define: semi-perishable

A

can be stored for months in sealed containers without spoiling as long as they aren’t opened

47
Q

define: non-perishable

A

usually dry; can be stored almost indefinitely without spoiling; nutritionally poor, dried, fermented, preserved

48
Q

how do we prevent food spoilage?

A

food processing, preservatives, attention to temperature and storage

49
Q

define: food infection

A

consumption of living organisms

50
Q

define: food intoxication

A

consumption of microbial toxins

51
Q

how many cases of food poisoning each year?

A

48 million

52
Q

how many people are hospitalized for food poisoning?

A

128,000

53
Q

how many people die from food poisoning?

A

3000

54
Q

define: microbial ecology

A

study of interrelationships between microorganisms and the environment

55
Q

define: biodiversity

A

refers to the number of species living within an ecosystem

56
Q

explain role of adaptation

A

microbes must be able to adapt to harsh and variable environments in order to survive

57
Q

list key soil borne diseases

A

anthrax, tetanus, histoplasmosis, blastomycoses, coccididiodomycosis, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

Bio200: COTC 2023 (69 decks)

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