CPA #20 Questions Flashcards
define: molecular mimicry
occurs when infectious agent has an epitope that is very similar/identical to a self antigen; body produces antibodies (autoantibodies) which damage body tissue
define: autoimmune hemolytic anemia
type II hypersensitivity; produce antibodies against own RBCs
define: type 1 diabetes
immunological attack leading to loss of ability to produce insulin; aka juvenile-onset diabetes
define: graves disease
autoimmune response leading to stimulation of overproduction of glandular tissue in thyroid gland
define: multiple sclerosis
type IV hypersensitivity; cell-mediated immune response against bacteria or virus generating cytotoxic T cells that mistakenly attack and destroy myelin sheath that insulate brain and spinal cord
define: primary immunodeficiency disease
detectable at birth; develop in infants and young children; result of a genetic or developmental defect
define: secondary immunodeficiency disease
acquired; developed later in life as direct consequence of a secondary cause; malnutrition, severe stress, infectious disease
define: chronic granulomatous disease
ineffective phagocytes leading to uncontrolled infections
define: severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCIDs)
lack of T cells and B cells leading to lack of resistance to any type of infection, leading to rapid death
define: DiGeorge syndrome
non-developed thymus; lack T cells and thus no cell-mediated immunity leading to overwhelming viral infections
define: bruton-type agammaglobulinemia
lack of B cells and thus lack of antibodies leading to overwhelming bacterial infections
what does AIDS stand for?
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
why is AIDS considered a syndrome?
it is a group of signs, symptoms, and diseases with a common pathology
define: HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
what cells does HIV target?
CD4+ cells; helper T cells
what genomic material is in HIV?
ssRNA
define: reverse transcriptase
used by retroviruses to to make a DNA copy of own genome
list the 8 steps to HIV replication
- attachment
- entry
- uncoating
- synthesis of DNA
- integration
- synthesis of RNA
- release
- assembly and maturation
define: attachment (HIV)
attach to helper T cells, macrophage cells, smooth muscle cells, dendritic cells
define: entry (HIV)
triggers cells to endocytize the virus
define: uncoating (HIV)
viral envelope fuses with vesicle membrane and HIV capsid enters the cytosol
define: synthesis of DNA (HIV)
reverse transcriptase synthesis dsDNA
define: integration (HIV)
dsDNA enters nucleus and becomes part of human DNA
define: synthesis of DNA (HIV)
transcription of HIV genes to produce mRNA and multiple copies of viral ssRNA
define: release (HIV)
immature virion is released
define: assembly and maturation (HIV)
protease (viral enzyme) cleaves the nonvirulent capsid to release reverse transcriptase
define: integrase
viral enzyme; inserts dsDNA provirus into human chromosome; permanently remains part of cellular DNA
how many people have been killed by AIDs
39 million
how many people are infected by AIDs?
35 million
how many new cases of AIDs are there/hour and daily?
240 worldwide; 130 in US daily
what body secretions contain enough HIV for infection?
blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk
how long does it take to develop antibodies to diagnose HIV?
6 months-3 years
define: HIV long-term non-progressors
do not develop AIDS even though they’re infected
define: ART
antiretroviral therapy; cocktail of 3+ antiviral drugs to reduce viral replication
what precautions can be taken to reduce infection of HIV?
- abstinence
- new/clean needles
- antiviral drugs to protect baby
- screening blood products
define: food microbiology
use of microorganisms in food production and prevention of food related illness and food spoilage
define: industrial microbiology
application of microbes to industrial manufacturing processes and solutions to environmental, health, and agricultural problems
define: fermentation
any desirable changes that occur to a food or beverage as a result of microbial growth
define: spoilage
unwanted change to a food that occurs from undesirable metabolic reactions, growth of pathogens, or presence of unwanted microbes
what organism helps bread rise?
saccharomyces cerevisiae
how does the organism help bread rise?
release CO2
what intrinsic factors contribute to food spoilage?
nutrient content, water activity, pH, physical structure of food
how do intrinsic factors contribute to food spoilage?
fortified foods enriched with vitamins and minerals may inadvertently facilitate more growth; water is available to pathogens
what extrinsic factors contribute to food spoilage?
the way it is handled/processed
define: perishable
most likely to spoil; need to be kept cold, only last for days; nutrient rich, moist, unprotected by coverings
define: semi-perishable
can be stored for months in sealed containers without spoiling as long as they aren’t opened
define: non-perishable
usually dry; can be stored almost indefinitely without spoiling; nutritionally poor, dried, fermented, preserved
how do we prevent food spoilage?
food processing, preservatives, attention to temperature and storage
define: food infection
consumption of living organisms
define: food intoxication
consumption of microbial toxins
how many cases of food poisoning each year?
48 million
how many people are hospitalized for food poisoning?
128,000
how many people die from food poisoning?
3000
define: microbial ecology
study of interrelationships between microorganisms and the environment
define: biodiversity
refers to the number of species living within an ecosystem
explain role of adaptation
microbes must be able to adapt to harsh and variable environments in order to survive
list key soil borne diseases
anthrax, tetanus, histoplasmosis, blastomycoses, coccididiodomycosis, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
