CPA #8 Questions

Question 1

what are the 8 statements of metabolic processes?

Answer 1

1. every cell acquires nutrients
2. metabolism requires energy; from light or catabolism of nutrients
3. energy is stored as ATP
4. enzymes are used to catabolize nutrients to form precursor metabolites
5. precursor metabolites + enzymes + ATP = anabolic reactions
6. enzymes + ATP = link building blocks = macromolecules via polymerization
7. cells grow via assembly of macromolecules into ribosomes, membranes, cell walls
8. cells divide in 2 when they have doubled in size

Question 2

why is electron transfer so important?

Answer 2

energy from electrons is used to actively transport protons across the membrane, establishing the proton gradient that generates ATP

Question 3

what reactions require ATP?

Answer 3

Anabolic (aka endergonic)

ex. glycolysis

Question 4

what reactions create ATP?

Answer 4

Catabolic (aka exergonic)

ex. synthesis of acetyl-CoA; kreb’s cycle; electron transport chain

Question 5

define: redox reactions

Answer 5

electrons are transferred from an electron donor to an electron acceptor

Question 6

what is reduced during a redox reaction?

Answer 6

electron acceptor

Question 7

what is oxidized during a redox reaction?

Answer 7

electron donor

Question 8

what does OIL RIG stand for?

Answer 8

oxidation involves loss of electron; reduction involves gain of electron

Question 9

what is the purpose of electron carrier molecules?

Answer 9

electrons do not exist freely in cytoplasm (they orbit atomic nuclei); cells use electron carrier molecules to carry electrons via specific metabolic pathways

Question 10

what are the 3 most important electron carrier molecules?

Answer 10

NAD+, NADP+, FAD

Question 11

what atom do electron carrier molecules use to carry electrons?

Answer 11

hydrogen

Question 12

how are enzymes named?

Answer 12

end with -ase; incorporates the substrate that the specific enzyme acts on

Question 13

what role do enzymes play with activation energy of a reaction?

Answer 13

enzymes catalyze reactions via lowering the activation energy required to start the reaction

Question 14

why is enzyme-substrate specificity important?

Answer 14

an enzymes active site is complementary to the shape of the substrate; lock and key; critical to the enzyme activity because a change in shape can cause the enzyme to be less effective or completely nonfunctional

Question 15

why is ATP a recyclable energy?

Answer 15

ADP is phosphoylated to make ATP; anabolic pathways use some ATP energy by breaking a phosphate bond, re-forming to ADP; ADP can be “recharged” to make ATP

Question 16

what are the 5 key factors that influence enzyme reactions?

Answer 16

1. temperature
2. pH
3. Enzyme Concentration
4. Substrate Concentration
5. Inhibition Factors

Question 17

how are competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors different?

Answer 17

competitive inhibitors are shaped to fit into active site and prevent normal substrate binding; reversible
noncompetitive inhibitors bind to allosteric site which alters the shape of the active site so that enzyme activity is reduced or blocked completely

Question 18

what is photosynthesis?

Answer 18

light energy is captured by chlorophylls; transferred to ATP/metabolites

Question 19

Why is ATP considered recyclable?

pt. 2

Answer 19

because the same molecules are used and re-used.