Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio200: COTC 2023 > CPA #18 Questions > Flashcards

CPA #18 Questions Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 attributes of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. specificity
  2. inducibility
  3. clonality
  4. unresponsiveness to self
  5. memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define: specificity

A

a particular immune response only acts against a specific antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define: inducibility

A

specific antigen-containing pathogen activates cells of adaptive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define: clonality

A

once activated, the cells of adaptive immunity are generated to created multiple generations of clone cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define: unresponsiveness to self

A

adaptive immunity does not work against normal body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define: memory

A

immunological memory for specific pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the lymphatic system?

A

composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph, lymphoid cells, tissues, organs; directly involved in adaptive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

A

acts as surveillance system that screens tissues of body for foreign particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

bone marrow, thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, lymphoid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are lymphatic vessels?

A

form one-way system taking lymph from local tissues and returning to the circulatory system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where does lymph come from?

A

fluid that has leaked out of blood vessels into surrounding tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does lymph flow through body?

A

one way flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where does lymph drain to?

A

heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where are lymph nodes concentrated?

A

neck, groin, armpits, and abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what cells are found in lymph nodes

A

WBC (B and T lymphocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the function of lymph nodes?

A

sites to facilitate interactions among immune cells and between immune cells and material that arrives at lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the major function of the spleen?

A

filters blood; removes bacteria, viruses, toxins, and other foreign matter from blood; stores platelets and blood components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the major function of the tonsils?

A

physically trap foreign particles that enter mouth or nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does MALT stand for?

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what tissues are a part of MALT?

A

appendix, respiratory tract, vagina, urinary bladder, mammary glands; contains most of the bodies lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does MHC stand for?

A

major histocompatibility complex; cluster of genes that code for specific proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how were MHC discovered?

A

attempted grafting skin from one animal to another in attempt to treat burn victims; if the animals were not closely related, the recipient would reject the graft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the 2 classes of MHCs?

A
  1. class I MHC proteins
  2. class II MHC proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what do MHCs bind to?

A

antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

define: class I MHC

A

found on cytoplasmic membrane of all human cells (except RBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

define: class II MHC

A

found on special cells called antigen-presenting cells (APC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

define: APCs

A

antigen-presenting cells; regularly present antigens; include macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

why do some foreign epitopes may not trigger immune response?

A

MHC binding diversity is dependent on the individuals genes ; some epitopes won’t be bound to the MHC, therefore there is no immune response (ex. peanut allergy)

30
Q

how is phagocytosis used by APCs?

A

phagocytose microbe, gets antigen attached to MHC, essentially stealing it to match it to any other cells

31
Q

what immune response are T cells involved in?

A

cell-mediated immune responses

32
Q

what types of pathogens do T cells fight against?

A

cancer, viral infections

33
Q

where are T cells made?

A

red bone marrow

34
Q

where do T cells mature?

A

thymus

35
Q

what percentage of lymphocytes are T cells?

A

70-85%

36
Q

what does TCR stand for?

A

T cell receptor

37
Q

where are TCRs located?

A

cytoplasmic membrane of T Cells

38
Q

how many different TCR’s are there?

A

10,000,000,000

39
Q

why are TCR’s both specific and random?

A

every T cell randomly created & specific to antigen

40
Q

what are the 3 types of T cells?

A
  1. cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells; CD8 cells)
  2. helper T cells (Th cells; CD4 cells)
  3. regulatory T cells (Tr cells; suppressor cells)
41
Q

define: th1 cells

A

type 1 helper cells; assist cytotoxic T cells and stimulate and regulate innate immunity

42
Q

define: Th2 cells

A

function in conjunction with B cells

43
Q

what do helper T cells secrete?

A

cytokines that regulate the entire immune system

44
Q

define: suppressor T cells

A

suppress immune responses and promote tolerance of certain antigens

45
Q

what happens when the immune system is not tolerant of “self”?

A

autoimmune disease

46
Q

What is the major function of B cells?

A

secrete soluble antibodies

47
Q

what does BCR stand for?

A

B cell receptor

48
Q

where are BCRs found?

A

surface of B lymphocytes

49
Q

how many different types of BCRs are there?

A

500,000

50
Q

why are BCRs specific and random?

A

many BCRs will recognize any antigen, but each BCR recognizes only one epitope of the antigen

51
Q

what stimulates B cells?

A

antigenic epitope

52
Q

what happens when a B cell is stimulated?

A

cell division, leading to identical offspring that secrete immunoglobulin into blood/lymph

53
Q

define: plasma cells

A

activated immunoglobulin-secreting B lymphocytes

54
Q

how are antibodies similar and different to BCRs?

A

similar shape, but antibodies lack transmembrane portions

55
Q

where do B cells undergo clonal deletion?

A

red bone marrow

56
Q

how are self-reactive B cells different than self-reactive T cells?

A

self-reactive B cells: may become inactive or change BCR
self-reactive T cells: undergo apoptosis

57
Q

how do B and T cells communicate?

A

chemical signals (cytokines)

58
Q

define: immunological synapse

A

Tc cell binds to the dendritic cell to form a cell-cell contact site

59
Q

define: clonal expansion

A

activated Tc cells reproduce to form memory T cells and more Tc progeny

60
Q

define: self-stimulation

A

Tc cells no longer require either an APC or a helper T cell

61
Q

define: memory T cells

A

some activated T cells; state of “suspended animation” in lymphoid tissues

62
Q

define: memory response

A

an enhanced cell-mediated immune response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen

63
Q

define: T-dependent antibody immunity

A

antibody immune response depend on interaction with helper T cells

64
Q

define: plasma cells (B cells)

A

most differentiated B cells; secrete antibodies with binding sites identical to one another and complementary to specific antigen

65
Q

define: memory B cells

A

do not secrete antibodies; retain BCRs and persist in lymphoid tissues

66
Q

define: primary immune response

A

small amounts of antibodies are produced and may take days before enough antibodies are made to completely eliminate the toxins; create memory cells

67
Q

define: secondary immune response

A

many memory cells recognize and respond to antigen much quicker/faster to eliminate toxin

68
Q

what are the 4 types of acquired immunity

A
  1. naturally acquired active immunity
  2. naturally acquired passive immunity
  3. artificially acquired active immunity
  4. artificially acquired passive immunity
69
Q

define: naturally acquired active immunity

A

body responds to exposure to pathogens and environmental antigens via immune responses

ex. chicken pox

70
Q

define: naturally acquired passive immunity

A

passively pass to unborn child via placenta or newborn child via breastfeeding

71
Q

define: artificially acquired active immunity

A

vaccine/ immunizations; induce immunity via antigens

72
Q

define: artificially acquired passive immunity

A

antibodies for antisera/antitoxins created from immune humans or animals (typically horses)

Bio200: COTC 2023 (69 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions