CPA #6 Questions Flashcards
what are the 4 processes of life?
start with: g, r, r, m
- growth
- reproduction
- responsiveness
- metabolism
define: growth
living things can increase in size
define: reproduction
producing more organisms that are organized like themselves; increasing in number
define: responsiveness
the ability to change themselves in reaction to the changing conditions around or within them
define: metabolism
ability of organisms to take nutrients from outside themselves and use the nutrients to create energy and structures needed for growth, reproduction, and responsiveness
why aren’t viruses classified as living?
ON THEIR OWN growth does not occur; do not reproduce, they replicate; use the HOST cell’s metabolism
define: prokaryote
name the 2 types
no nucleus; can read their DNA code and simultaneously make proteins
ex: bacteria & archaea
define: eukaryote
have nucleus; contain other internal membranes that compartmentalize cellular functions
ex: animalia
define: glycocalyx
gelatinous, sticky substance that surrounds the outside of some cells; composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides,, or both; capsules, slime layers, biofilms
what is the function of a glycocalyx?
protect cells from drying/desiccating; play a role in the ability of pathogens to survive and cause disease
define: capsule
glycocalyx composed of organized repeating units of organic chemicals firmly attached to the cells surface
define: slime layer
a loose, water-soluble glycocalyx; allow for biofilms
define: biofilm
cluster of many bacteria living together on a surface
what is the function of a cell wall?
provide structure/shape; protect from osmotic forces; assists in attachment;
what are the two types of bacterial cell walls?
gram-positive and gram-negative
which type of cell wall contains thick peptidoglycan and teichoic acid?
gram-positive
do all bacteria have a cell wall?
provide an example
no; ex. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
what are the functions of a cytoplasmic membrane?
separate contents of cell from outside enviro.; controls the passage of substances in/out of cell; harvests light energy in photosynthetic bacteria
define: selectively permeable
allows some substances to cross while preventing others from crossing
define: ribosome
synthesize proteins; give cytoplasm a grainy appearance; the size of a ribosome is expressed in Svedbergs (S) and determined by sedimentation rate
what size are prokaryotic ribosomes?
what are the subunits?
70S
two subunits 30S + 50S
what size are eukaryotic ribosomes?
what are the subunits?
80S
two subunits 40S + 60S
why is ribosome size important when treating a patient?
many antibacterial drugs work on 70S (prokaryotic; two subunits 30S + 50S) without effecting 80S ribosomes (eukaryotic; two subunits 40S + 60S); stopping protein synthesis of the 70S without effecting protein synthesis of 80S
which eukaryotes have cell walls?
fungi, algae, plants, some protozoa
which eukaryotes have flagella?
protozoa, animals, plants, algae
which areas of the respiratory system are axenic?
list 7
lower respiratory system; larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs
which areas of the respiratory system contain microbes?
name 4
upper respiratory; nose, nasal cavity, pharynx
how do normal microbes of the respiratory system help the body?
limits infection/disease by removing nutrients and releasing substances that inhibit the growth of pathogens
