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2 - CPR (cardio) > Vascular Abnormalities > Flashcards

Vascular Abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

Both arteries and veins are made of what 3 main layers?

A

Intima
Media
Adventitia

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2
Q

What do arteries have that veins do not in their walls?

A

Elastic fibers

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3
Q

Arterial system is ____ pressure and the Venous system is ____ pressure

A

Arterial system = high pressure

Venous system = low pressure

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4
Q

At what level in the Arterial system is the blood pressure controlled?

A

Arteriole

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5
Q

What are Arteriovenous Malformations?

A

Thick-walled arteries that connect directly to Thick-walled veins and SKIP capillaries

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6
Q

What do Arteriovenous Malformations look like?

A

Tangle of worm-like vascular channels with pulsatile Arteriovenous shunting

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7
Q

What can large Arteriovenous Malformations result in?

A

High output cardiac failure due to the heart having to pump additional volume!

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8
Q

What is and where are Berry (saccular) Aneurysms usually found?

A

Abnormal dilation of an artery due to a defect in the media layer
– usually found in circle of willis at major branch point

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9
Q

Where in the circle of willis is the most common site for a Berry Aneurysm?

A

Near the anterior cerebral artery branch point

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10
Q

What are 2 risk factors and 3 syndromes that put you at risk for a Berry Aneurysm?

A

Risk factors - smoking and HTN

- Polycystic kidney disease, Marfans and Ehlers Danlos Syndromes

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11
Q

If a Berry Aneurysm ruptures, what will the symptoms be?

A

(subarachnoid hemorrhage)

= worst headache ever; N/V, double vision, neck pain, seizures, loss of consciousness

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12
Q

What is a Mycotic Aneurysm and what are 3 potential causes?

A

Infected arterial wall Aneurysm

ex. From septic emboli, circulating organisms, adjacent bacterial infection

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13
Q

What is Fibromuscular Dysplasia?

A

Focal, irregular thickening in medium/large muscular arteries

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14
Q

What arteries does Fibromuscular Dysplasia commonly affect and in what population?

A

RENAL arteries in young women with 1st degree relatives affected as well

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15
Q

What will Fibromuscular Dysplasia look like on angiography?

A

String of beads

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16
Q

If Fibromuscular Dysplasia affects the renal arteries, what will result?

A

Renovascular hypertension and abdominal bruit

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17
Q

Renovascular hypertenion with an abdominal bruit is likely due to what vascular abnormality?

A

Fibromuscular Dysplasia

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18
Q

“string of beads” on angiography?

A

Fibromuscular Dysplasia

19
Q

A subarachnoid hemorrhage can be due to a rupture of what vascular abnormality?

A

Berry Aneurysm in the circle of willis

20
Q

High output cardiac failure can be a result of what vascular abnormality?

A

Arteriovenous Malformation

21
Q

What is blood pressure dependent on?

A

Cardiac output X Peripheral resistance

22
Q

With low BP what occurs?

A
  • Kidney releases Renin
  • Renin (+) angiotensin 2
  • Causes Vasoconstriction and Aldosterone release
  • Salt and water retention
23
Q

With high BP what occurs?

A
  • Heart releases atrial natriuretic peptide

= vasodilation and decreased salt and water retention

24
Q

Primary Hypertension is likely due to what idiopathic factors?

A

Age, genetics

Stress, obesity, increased salt consumption

25
Q

Hypertension is a major risk factor for what conditions?

A

Atherosclerosis and end organ damage

26
Q

Findings if primary hyperaldosteronism is causing secondary HTN?

A

Hypertension with HYPOkalemia

27
Q

Cushing syndrome can cause secondary HTN. What will be elevated and what physical exam findings will be present?

A
  • Elevated Cortisol

= Moon face, buffalo hump, purple striae and central obesity

28
Q

A Pheochromocytoma is an adrenal gland tumor. What does it cause to be released?

A

Catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine

29
Q

Symptoms of a Pheochromocytoma?

A

Paroxysms (sudden attacks) of secondary HTN

- Tachycardia, sweating and tremors

30
Q

What will be elevated in the urine or plasma with a Pheochromocytoma that is causing secondary HTN?

A

Metanephrines
– breakdown product of catecholamines
(norepinephrine and epinephrine)

31
Q

What are 2 possible causes of Renal A. stenosis?

A

Atherosclerosis

Fibromuscular Dysplasia

32
Q

What will the findings be (4) with Renal A. Stenosis?

A

Secondary HTN
DECREASED GFR
Abdominal bruit
Chronic kidney disease

33
Q

The adult form of coarctation of the aorta can cause secondary HTN. What will the findings be?

A

UE HTN

LE hypotension

34
Q

What can HTN cause in the heart?

A

Cardiac hypertrophy
Heart failure
Ischemic heart disease

35
Q

What can HTN cause in the CNS/eye?

A

Stroke
Increased intracranial pressure
Papilledema = swelling of optic disc

36
Q

What 2 types of Arteriolosclerosis can result from chronic/severe HTN?

A

Hyaline

Hyperplastic

37
Q

Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis

A

Hyaline thickening of vessel wall –> luminal narrow

38
Q

How will Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis look?

A

Homogenous pink

– granular surface

39
Q

Hyperplastic Arteriolosclerosis

A

Smooth muscle forms concentric lamellations –> luminal narrowing

40
Q

How will Hyperplastic Arteriolosclerosis look?

A

Onion skinning

– petechial hemorrhages

41
Q

Smooth muscle forms concentric lamellations that causes luminal narrowing in response to severe HTN

A

Hyperplastic Arteriolosclerosis

42
Q

Hyaline thickening of vessel wall that causes luminal narrowing in response to chronic HTN

A

Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis

43
Q

What classifies a Hypertensive Crisis?

A

Rapid increase of BP:

  • Systolic > 180-200
  • Diastolic > 120
44
Q

What classifies a Hypertensive Emergency?

A

Hypertensive crisis + end organ damage

2 - CPR (cardio) (44 decks)

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