Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis Flashcards
What is Arteriosclerosis?
“Hardening of Arteries”
= Wall thickening and decreased elasticity
What is Arteriosclerosis?
“Hardening of Arteries”
= Wall thickening and decreased elasticity
What are the 3 types of Arteriosclerosis?
- Arteriolosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis
- Monckeberg Medial Sclerosis
Arteriolosclerosis usually occurs in what type of vessels and what is the end result?
- Small arteries and arterioles
= Downstream ischemic injury
Monckeberg Medial Sclerosis
Age related calcification of muscular arteries
Age related calcification of muscular arteries
Monckeberg Medial Sclerosis
What is the clinical manifestation of Monckeberg Medial Sclerosis?
NONE
- no narrowing, not clinically significant
What are the NON-modifiable risk factors for Atherosclerosis?
Genetics - multifactorial inheritance Increasing age (40-60) and MALE gender
What NON-modifiable factor is actually protective against Atherosclerosis development?
Premenopausal estrogenized women
What are the Modifiable risk factors for Atherosclerosis?
- Hypertension and Hyperlipidemia
- Metabolic syndrome, obesity, smoking, diabetes
- Lack of exercise, stress
What are the Modifiable risk factors for Atherosclerosis?
- Hypertension and Hyperlipidemia
- Metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, smoking
- Lack of exercise and stress
What is the good cholesterol? What increases/decreases it?
HDL
- Increases: Exercise and moderate alcohol
- Decreases: Obesity and smoking
What is the bad cholesterol? What increases and decreases it?
LDL
- Increases: Fried foods and animal products
- Decreases: Fiber and statins
What things in the blood stream can be risk factors for Atherosclerosis?
Inflammation - C reactive protein
Homocysteine
LDL
Metabolic syndrome needs 3 of the 5 to diagnose. What are the 5?
- Insulin resistance
- Increased BP
- Decreased HDL
- Increased triglycerides
- Abdominal obesity
A majority of the pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis occurs in the ____ phase at a young age
Pre-clinical phase
The first step in developing Atherosclerosis is?
Endothelial injury/activation
What things can injure/activate the endothelium?
Turbulent blood flow
Hypertension
Cytokines, lipids, etc.
When the endothelium is injured/activated, what occurs to it?
INCREASED procoagulants, adhesion molecules and proinflammatory factors
After endothelial activation/injury, what occurs next in the pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis?
Increased permeability, leukocyte and monocytes
After increased permeability, what occurs next in the pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis?
Smooth muscle cell recruitment and macrophage activation
Smooth muscle cells are recruited from where to where?
From the media layer, across the internal elastic lamina to the intima layer where they proliferate
Macrophages are activated in the ____ layer
Intima
Once macrophages and smooth muscle cells are in the initima layer, what do they do?
Engulf lipids and proliferate
