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2 - CPR (cardio) > Cardiac Path Part 2 > Flashcards

Cardiac Path Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Normal conduction of the heart cascade?

A

SA node
AV node
Bundle of his and bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

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2
Q

What is an Arrhythmia?

A

Conduction abnormality

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3
Q

What is the most common cause of Arrhythmias?

A

Ischemic heart disease

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4
Q

Sick Sinus Syndrome

A

SA node is damaged

= Bradycardia

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5
Q

Sick Sinus Syndrome

A

SA node is damaged

= Bradycardia

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6
Q

Atrial Fibrillation

A

Myocytes depolarize independently and sporadically with variable AV node transmission

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7
Q

Myocytes depolarize sporadically and independently with variable AV node transmission?

A

Atrial fibrillation

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8
Q

Atrial Fibrillation increases your risk for?

A

Thromboemoblism

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9
Q

Heart block

A

Dysfunctional AV node

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10
Q

1st degree Heart Block (AV node dysfunction)

A

Prolonged PR interval

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11
Q

2nd degree Heart Block (AV node dysfunction)

A

Intermittent transmission

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12
Q

3rd degree Heart block (AV node dysfunction)

A

Complete failure

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13
Q

Ion channels are needed for electrical signal propagation in the heart. When they are abnormal that is called?

A

Hereditary Channelopathies

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14
Q

Most common type of Hereditary Channelopathies?

A

Long QT syndrome

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15
Q

What channels are usually abnormal with Hereditary Channelopathies?

A

K+ or Na+

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16
Q

Manifestation of Long QT Syndrome?

A

Sudden death after exertion

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17
Q

Sudden death after exertion

A

Long QT syndrome

– type of hereditary channelopathies (abnormal ion channels)

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18
Q

Sudden cardiac deaths are usually due to?

A

Coronary A. disease that causes an ischemia induced arrhythmia

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19
Q

Sudden cardiac deaths are usually due to?

A

Coronary A. disease that causes an ischemia induced arrhythmia

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20
Q

In younger patients that present with sudden cardiac death, what should you suspect?

A

Drugs or hereditary abnormalities

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21
Q

High blood pressure can cause LV hypertrophy. What does this cause to happen?

A
  • Increased O2 demand = systolic dysfunction

- Inability to relax = diastolic dysfunction

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22
Q

What does volume overload cause in the heart? Ex.?

A

Stretched ventricles are weaker and pump out less blood

ex. Dilated cardiomyopathy

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23
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Pump failure = inadequate blood delivery

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24
Q

Congestive heart failure may result from diastolic or systolic dysfunctions. Describe those.

A 
Diastolic = inability to fill ventricles
Systolic = loss of myocardial contractile function
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25
Q

Systolic Left sided Heart Failure sign?

A

DECREASED ejection fraction

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26
Q

Diastolic Left Sided Heart Failure sign?

A

Decreased volume due to decreased filling capacity

– NORMAL ejection fraction

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27
Q

What are the top causes of Left Sided Heart Failure?

A

Ischemic heart disease
Hypertension
Left-sided valve disease

28
Q

General results of Left Sided Heart Failure?

A

Pulmonary congestion/edema

DECREASED tissue perfusion

29
Q

Symptoms of Left Sided Heart Failure?

A

Cough, crackles, wheezes, dyspnea, cyanosis, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
– ALL things lungs

30
Q

What will be seen on CXR with Left sided Heart Failure?

A

Kerley B lines

31
Q

What will be seen on Histo with Left Sided Heart Failure?

A

Hemosiderin-laden macrophages

32
Q

Cough, crackles, dyspnea, cyanosis and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea can suggest?

A

Left Sided Heart Failure

33
Q

What usually causes Right sided Heart Failure?

A

Left sided HF

Lung diseases

34
Q

General result of Right Sided Heart Failure?

A

Venous congestion

35
Q

Symptoms of Right Sided Heart Failure?

A

Hepatosplenomegaly
Distended jugalr veins
Edema and effusions

36
Q

Hepatosplenomegaly, distended jugular veins, edema and effusions can suggest?

A

Right sided Heart Failure

37
Q

What liver changes will be seen with Right Sided Heart Failure?

A

Nutmeg liver

38
Q

Chronic Pericardial Effusion

A
  • Slow accumulation of fluid = ASYMPTOMATIC

ex. serous effusion with CHF

39
Q

What will be seen on CXR with Chronic Pericardial Effusion?

A

Globular enlarged heart

40
Q

Acute Pericardial Effusion

A
  • Rapid accumulation of fluid = SYMPTOMATIC cardiac tamponade
    ex. Hemopericardium from trauma, etc.
41
Q

Pericarditis and symptoms?

A

Inflammation of pericardial sac

= Increased pain when LAYING down and decreased pain when SITTING up

42
Q

What will be heard with Pericarditis?

A

Friction rub

43
Q

What causes Fibrinous and Serofibrinous Pericarditis? (3)?

A

MI
Dressler Syndrome
Uremia

44
Q

Fibrinous and Serofibrinous Pericarditis is described as?

A

Bread and butter appearance

45
Q

What causes Purulent or Suppurative Pericarditis?

A

ACTIVE infection due to microbial invasion

46
Q

Caseous Pericarditis features?

A
  • Tuberculous in origin
    = Cheese-like appearance
    = Histo: Necrotizing granuloma
47
Q

What causes Hemorrhagic Pericarditis?

A

Malignant neoplasm

48
Q

Constrictive Pericarditis

A

Heart is encased in a dense scar that limits diastolic expansion and cardiac output

49
Q

A majority of the cardiac tumor are ___ besides the _____

A

BENIGN

- besides the angiosarcoma

50
Q

1 cardiac tumor in adults?

A

Myxoma

51
Q

1 cardiac tumor in children?

A

Rhabdomyoma

52
Q

Usual location and cytokine release of Myxomas?

A 
Left atrium (begins in fossa ovalis)
= IL-6 release!!!
53
Q

What cardiac tumor releases IL-6?

A

Myxoma

54
Q

Lipoma

A

Mass of lobulated fat

55
Q

Papillary Fibroelastoma looks like?

A

Sea anemone lesions on valves

56
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

Hamartoma of developing myocytes

57
Q

What tumor suppressor mutations are associated with Rhabdomyomas?

A

TSC1 or TSC2

58
Q

Rhabdomyomas have what type of cell?

A

Spider cell

59
Q

Cell mediated rejection of a heart transplant is mediated by what cells/infiltrate?

A

T cells

Lymphocytic response

60
Q

Antibody mediated rejection of a heart transplant is mediated by what cells/infiltrate?

A

Antibodies

Neutrophil infiltrate

61
Q

Cell mediated and Antibody mediated rejection of heart transplant occurs when?

A

Weeks to years after

62
Q

Allograft Vasculopathy

A

Concentric Intimal Thickening

- Many years after heart transplant

63
Q

What does Allograft Vasculopathy cause occur?

A

Silent MI

64
Q

What are the complications of heart transplants?

A

Chronic Immunosuppression

  • Infections/malignancy/skin cancer
  • EBV lymphoproliferative disorder with irregular lymphocytes
65
Q

Aging Heart changes

A
  • Decreased compliance, elasticity and ventricle cavity space
  • Increased epicardial fat, lipofuscin granules and amyloid

2 - CPR (cardio) (44 decks)

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