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2 - CPR (cardio) > Congenital Heart Disease > Flashcards

Congenital Heart Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormalities of the heart or great vessels are the most common birth defects. Most commonly due to?

A

Sporadic mutations

Environmental toxins – alcohol

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2
Q

What is the most common congenital heart disease?

A

Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD)

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3
Q

Symptoms of Left-to-Right Shunts?

A

Initially ASYMPTOMATIC

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4
Q

What are 3 Left-to-Right Shunts?

A

Atrial Septal Defects
Ventricular Septal Defects
Patent Ductus Arteriosus

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5
Q

Symptoms of Right-to-Left Shunts?

A

Symptomatic and CYANOTIC with finger clubbing

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6
Q

What are 3 Right-to-Left Shunts?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of Great Arteries
Tricuspid Atresia

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7
Q

What is the most common Atrial Septal Defect and what are the symptoms?

A
  • Left to Right Shunt
    – Ostium Secundum ASD is the most common
    = ASYMPTOMATIC until adulthood
    –> Systolic ejection murmur
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8
Q

What is the most common type of Ventricular Septal Defects and what are the symptoms?

A
  • Left to Right Shunt
    – Membranous VSDs most common
    = ASYMPTOMATIC until adulthood
    –> Holosystolic murmur
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9
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus and direction of blood flow?

A
  • Left to Right Shunt

- - Connects Aorta to Pulmonary A. and blood travels from Aorta to Pulmonary A.

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10
Q

Symptoms of Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

A
  • Left to Right Shunt

= ASYMPTOMATIC with harsh, machinery-like murmur

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11
Q

Left to Right Shunts increase blood flow/pressure in the?

A

Lungs – pulmonary hypertension

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12
Q

Describe Eisenmenger Syndrome

left to right shunt reversal

A
  • Left to Right Shunt
  • Increased pulmonary blood flow
  • IRREVERSIBLE arterial hypertrophy with occlusion
  • Increased pulmonary vascular resistance
  • Shunt switches to a Right to Left Shunt
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13
Q

Describe Eisenmenger Syndrome

Left to Right Shunt Reversal

A
  • Left to Right Shunt
  • Increased pulmonary blood flow
  • IRREVERSIBLE arterial hypertrophy with occlusion
  • Increased pulmonary vascular resistance
  • Shunt switches to a Right to Left Shunt
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14
Q

What are the 4 features of Tetralogy of Fallot and what type of shunt is it?

A
  • Right to Left Shunt
    1. Overriding Aorta
    2. Subpulmonic Stenosis
    3. RV hypertrophy
    4. VSD - holosystolic murmur
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15
Q

What are the 4 features of Tetralogy of Fallot?

A
  1. Overriding Aorta
  2. Subpulmonic Stenosis
  3. RV Hypertrophy
  4. VSD - holosystolic murmur
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16
Q

With Tetralogy of Fallot, describe the physical exam findings

A
  • Cyanotic at birth
  • TET spells
  • Compensatory squatting in young children
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17
Q

With Tetralogy of Fallot, describe the physical exam findings

A
  • Cyanotic at birth
  • TET spells
  • Compensatory squatting in young children
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18
Q

What is a TET spell and what is it seen with?

A
  • Seen with Tetralogy of Fallot

= With emotional distress or increased activity –> Cyanosis and Syncope

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19
Q

What will the heart look like with Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Boot shaped heart

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20
Q

Transposition of Great Arteries

A
  • Right to Left Shunt
    Aorta and Pulmonary A. are switched
  • incompatible with life unless a shunt is present
    = Cyanosis at birth
21
Q

Triscupid Atresia

A
  • Right to Left Shunt
    Absence of Tricuspid valve
    = Severe, immediate cyanosis at birth
22
Q

What will likely be present with Tricuspid Atresia to maintain oxygenation?

A

ASD/PFO AND a VSD

23
Q

What are the symptoms of Left to Right Shunts and what are 3 of them?

A

= Asymptomatic initially

  1. ASD
  2. VSD
  3. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
24
Q

What are the symptoms of Right to Left Shunts and what are 3 of them?

A

= CYANOTIC

  1. Tetralogy of Fallot
  2. Transposition of Great Arteries
  3. Tricuspid Atresia
25
Q

What are 2 congenital obstructive cardiac conditions?

A
  1. Coarctation of Aorta

2. Aortic Stenosis

26
Q

What are 2 congenital obstructive cardiac conditions?

A
  1. Coarctation of Aorta

2. Aortic Stenosis

27
Q

Coarctation of the Aorta is narrowing of the aorta. What is usually present with the infantile form but NOT the adult form?

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

28
Q

Symptoms of infantile form of coarctation of the aorta?

A

Cyanosis of the lower 1/2 of the body and weak pulses

29
Q

Cyanosis of the lower 1/2 of the body with weak pulses?

A

Coarctation of the aorta - infantile form

30
Q

Symptoms of the adult form of coarctation of the aorta?

A

Upper body = Hypertension

Lower body = Hypotension and weak pulses

31
Q

Upper body hypertension and lower body hypotension is?

A

Adult form of coarctation of the aorta

32
Q

What will be seen with the adult form of coarctation of the aorta?

A

Rib notching

33
Q

Aortic Stenosis causes what in the LV?

A

Hypertrophy of the left ventricle

34
Q

Patent Foramen Ovale

A

Connection between the right and left atriums

35
Q

Describe how a Patent Foramen Ovale may open

A
  • Right sided pressure increases
  • Person coughs/sneezes/bowel movement or valsalva
  • Flap opens
    = Becomes a right to left shunt
36
Q

What can potentially occur with an open patent foramen ovale that becomes a right to left shunt?

A

Paradoxical embolism

37
Q

Paradoxical embolism

A
  • Emboli gets to the left side of the heart (through right to left shunt usually (PFO))
    = Stroke or other end organ effects
38
Q

Paradoxical embolism

A
  • Emboli gets to the left side of the heart (usually from a heart defect such as a PFO (right to left shunt)
    = Stroke or other end organ effects
39
Q

Paradoxical embolisms may occur with what type of shunts?

A

Right to Left

40
Q

List what Left to Right shunts are associated with the following murmurs:

  • Systolic ejection murmur
  • Holosystolic murmur
  • Harsh, machinery-like murmur
A
  • ASD
  • VSD
  • Patent Ductus Arteriosus
41
Q

Down Syndrome signs?

A

Epicanthal folds with upslanted eyes
Single palmar crease
Widely spaces 1st and 2nd toes

42
Q

Heart defects associated with Down Syndrome?

A

SEPTAL defects

- Atrioventricular > Ventricular > Atrial

43
Q

Heart defects associated with Trisomy 21?

A

SEPTAL defects

- Atrioventricular > Ventricular > Atrial

44
Q

Marfan Syndrome mutations?

A
  • Fibrillin - 1 mutation
  • Causes excessive TGF-beta
  • Causes excessive metalloprotease activity
    = Degrades elastin
45
Q

Marfan Syndrome mutations?

A
  • Fibrillin - 1 mutations
  • Causes excessive TGF-beta
  • Causes excessive Metalloprotease activity
    = Degrades elastin
46
Q

Heart issues associated with Marfan Syndrome?

A

Aortic dissection and aneurysm

47
Q

Heart defects associated with DiGeorge Syndrome?

A

Conotruncal heart abnormalities like tetralogy of fallot

48
Q

Heart defect associated with Turner Syndrome (45XO)?

A

Coarctation of aorta

49
Q

Heart defect associated with Turner Syndrome (45XO)

A

Coarctation of aorta

2 - CPR (cardio) (44 decks)

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