Unit 4- Leptospira

Question 1

Leptospira

Answer 1

Gram negative, spirochete, hooks, axial filament between outer envelope and cytoplasm, aerobe, LCFA carbon course, fastidious, sensitive to heat, light, and disinfectants

Question 2

Non Pathogenic Leptospira

Answer 2

L. biflexa

Question 3

Pathogenic Leptospira

Answer 3

L. interrogans

Question 4

Pathogenic Species

Answer 4

L. alexanderi, alstonii, borgpetersenii, inadai, interrogans, fainei, kirschneri, licerasiae, noguchi, santarosai, weilii, kmetyi, broomii, and wolfii

Question 5

Location

Answer 5

Lumen of nephritis tubules, survives mud and water after excretion in urine, host preference, cannot survive in salt, low pH, cold, or low humidity

Question 6

Horse Leptospira

Answer 6

L. kennewicki, bratislava, and pomona

Question 7

Pig Leptospira

Answer 7

L. pomona, canicola, and icterohemorrhagiae

Question 8

Cattle Leptospira

Answer 8

L. pomona, icterohemorrhagiae, and hardjo

Question 9

Wildlife Leptospira

Answer 9

L. pomona and grippotyphosa

Question 10

Dog Leptospira

Answer 10

L. canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, and grippotyphosa

Question 11

Leptospira Virulence

Answer 11

LPS, catalase, motility, sphingomyelinase, cytotoxins, cellular invasion

Question 12

Disease

Answer 12

Premature birth, abortion, infertility, jaundice, agalactia, hemoglobinuria, dogs develop hemorrhagic or icteric and uremic syndrome, cats rarely show signs

Question 13

General Clinical Signs

Answer 13

Fever, inappetence, malaise

Question 14

Cattle Acute Clinical Signs

Answer 14

L. pomona, abnormal milk, rash, muscle pain, GI signs, photophobia, encephalitis, nephritis, hemoglobinuria, increased BUN

Question 15

Cattle and Swine Chronic Clinical Signs

Answer 15

L. pomona, abortion, stillbirth, nephritis, uveitis, encephalitis, and infertility due to antigen-antibody complexes

Question 16

Weak Calves Cause

Answer 16

L. hardjo chronic infection

Question 17

Dog Forms

Answer 17

Hemorrhagic, icteric, and uremic forms, kidney failure, liver disease, and shock

Question 18

Pathogenesis

Answer 18

Entry through wound or mucous membrane, low infectious dose, outer sheath anti-phagocitic for blood persistence, replication in liver, enters tissues

Question 19

Hematogenous Spread

Answer 19

Hepatic and renal disease, mainly spreads to kidneys, vascular damage and endothelial disruption, bile duct occlusion, jaundice, nephritis

Question 20

Carrier State

Answer 20

Antibodies clear bacteria from blood and organs but they remain in nephric tubules with no clinical signs, happens in rats

Question 21

Persistent Infection

Answer 21

Infect fetuses of large animals

Question 22

Transmission

Answer 22

Asymptomatic carriers, exposure to contaminated urine, transplacental, milk, venereal

Question 23

Immunity

Answer 23

LPS antigen, antibodies clear from blood by opsonization, serovar-specific antibodies, not protective against other serovars

Question 24

Control

Answer 24

Bacterin vaccines for local serovars, prevent exposure

Question 25

Diagnosis

Answer 25

Darkfield microscopy, serology, microscopic agglutination, ELISA, isolation, Dinger’s ring, silver stain

Question 26

Best Test

Answer 26

Microscopic Agglutination Test MAT

Question 27

Dinger’s Ring

Answer 27

Aerobic bacteria appear as a diffuse zone and then ring near the top of the tube

Question 28

Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris Medium

Answer 28

Salts, thiamine, pyruvate, glycerol, albumin, Tween 80, B12

Question 29

Treatment

Answer 29

Antibiotics, may not eliminate from kidney and leads to carrier state

Question 30

Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction

Answer 30

Endotoxic shock when leptospira is treated with penicillin, add steroids to treatment

Question 31

Zoonosis

Answer 31

Children swimming in contaminated water at risk, Weil’s disease, flu-like illness

Question 32

Weil’s Disease

Answer 32

Fever, jaundice, hemorrhage, pulmonary distress, splenomegaly, nephritis, and death