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Bacteriology > Unit 1- Clostridiums > Flashcards

Unit 1- Clostridiums Flashcards

1
Q

Clostridiums

A

Rods, produce identifying endospores, cultures emit putrid odor due to peptide catabolism, anaerobic, catalase negative, oxidase negative, motile, fastidious

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2
Q

Saprophytes

A

Part of normal flora

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3
Q

Neurotoxic Clostridia

A

Clostridium tetani and botulinum

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4
Q

Clostridium tetani

A

TeNT antigenically uniform for vaccine, serology based on flagellar antigens, present in soil, terminal drumstick shaped spores

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5
Q

Tetanus Cause

A

Clostridium tetani introduced into traumatized tissue

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6
Q

Tetanus

A

Neuroparalytic intoxication and tonic-clonic convulsions due to a protein neurotoxins

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7
Q

Tetanus Toxin

A

Tetanospasmin binds to neurons, releasing GABA and glycine, also hydrolyzes docking proteins and prevents vesicles to fuse with the synapse and release neurotransmitters

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8
Q

Tetanus Pathogenesis

A

Spores germinate in anaerobic environment, toxins diffuse, toxins attach to cholinergic receptors and are internalized, vesicles travel to the ventral horns of the spinal cord and cause sustained spasm in affected muscles

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9
Q

Spastic Paralysis

A

Continuous excitatory stimulation from ACH release causes continuous spasm

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10
Q

Tetanus Clinical Signs

A

Retraction of third eyelid, erect ears, grinding teeth, stiff tail, bloat, lockjaw, sawhorse

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11
Q

Tetanus Immunology

A

Acquired resistance depends on circulating antitoxin, reinfection possible, vaccination with toxin possible

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12
Q

Tetanus Diagnosis

A

Gram stain, blood agar in anaerobic culture, injection into antitoxin dosed mouse, PCR

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13
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

Neuroparalytic intoxication and flaccid paralysis, 7 protein neurotoxins, affects ruminants, horses, mink, and fowl

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14
Q

Botulinum Neurotoxins

A

Act in the neuromuscular junction, binds cholinergic nerve cells and decreases the release of acetylcholine

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15
Q

Botulism Pathogenesis

A

Ingested and toxins absorbed in GI, circulates in blood stream, attaches to neuro-muscular junction of cholinergic nerves, hydrolyzes a SNARE protein, synapse degenerates

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16
Q

Botulism Clinical Signs

A

Muscular incoordination, no changes in consciousness, normal temperature, recumbency, flaccid paralysis

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17
Q

Limberneck

A

Initial clinical sign of botulism

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18
Q

Botulism Diagnosis

A

Demonstration in toxin by injecting into a mouse

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19
Q

Botulism Prevention

A

Stomach purging, antitoxin, vaccination with toxoids, antiserum

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20
Q

Histotoxic Clostridia

A

Enteropathogenic, exotoxins induce necrosis and lethal systemic effects, present as latent spores

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21
Q

Nagler Test

A

Egg yolk agar is used, alpha toxin breaks down agar, antibody binds toxin and prevents lecithin breakdown

22
Q

Black Leg

A

Clostridium chauvoei causes muscle necrosis and air bubbles

23
Q

Malignant Edema

A

Clostridium perfringens, nobyi, chauvoei, and sordelli cause edema, hemorrhage, and fibrin in the pericardium

24
Q

Braxy

A

Clostridium septicum causes hemorrhagic mucus in the abomasum of sheep

25
Q

Black Disease

A

Clostridium novyi associated with liver parasites causes air bubbles in liver

26
Q

Bacillary hemoglobinuria

A

Clostridium haemolyticum causes jaundice and hemoglobinuria

27
Q

Enteropathogenic Clostridia Diagnosis

A

Immunofluorescence of tissue, strict anaerobic conditions, liver in culture, PCR

28
Q

Enteropathogenic Clostridia Prevention

A

Vaccination, change of pasture

29
Q

Enterotoxemia Type A

A

Enterotoxin destroys membrane and connective tissue causing yellow lamb disease, hemorrhagic enteritis, necrotic enteritis, and food poisoning

30
Q

Enterotoxemia Co-infection

A

Clostridia in chickens

31
Q

Enterotoxemia Type B

A

Beta toxin causes lamb dysentery because proteolytic enzymes destroy colostrum proteins, also causes hemorrhagic enteritis in small intestine

32
Q

Enterotoxemia Type C

A

Absence of established normal flora in neonates and protease inhibitors favor Beta toxin and cause hemorrhagic enteritis

33
Q

Sheep Struck

A

Type C enterotoxemia in older sheep, gives the impression the animal has been struck by lightning

34
Q

Enterotoxemia Type D

A

Epsilon toxin causes overeating and pulpy kidney disease in older lambs after an upset in the gut flora

35
Q

Epsilon Toxin

A

Increases intestinal permeability, causes vascular damage and fluid loss, encephalomalacia in CNS, and activated by trypsin so has a predilection for older animals

36
Q

Pulpy Kidney

A

Acute death and rapid kidney breakdown with glycosuria caused by enterotoxemia type D

37
Q

Immunity

A

Antibodies correlate with anti-toxin levels

38
Q

Lab Diagnosis

A

Non motile, polysaccharide capsule, spores rare, isolation in blood agar in anaerobic environment, alpha toxin, gram positive rods

39
Q

Growth on blood agar

A

Small, grey, translucent colonies surrounded by double zone hemolysis

40
Q

Double Zone Hemolysis

A

Consists of an inner clear zone and outer hazy zone

41
Q

Stormy Fermentation

A

Clotting of milk followed by gaseous disruption

42
Q

Treatment

A

Usually too acute, some antitoxin

43
Q

Immunization

A

Active immunization with bacteria and toxins to induce immune response

44
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

Gram positive, motile, encapsulated, spore-forming, anaerobic rod causing diarrhea

45
Q

Toxin A

A

Produced by C. difficile, breaks down cytoskeletal components, disrupting tight junctions in epithelial cells, stimulates polymorphonuclear cell influx

46
Q

C. difficile Pathogenesis

A

Trigger event disrupts normal flora and C. difficile adheres to large intestine, causing intense inflammatory response including diarrhea

47
Q

C. difficile Treatment

A

Metronidazole, no vaccines, hand washing

48
Q

C. piliforme

A

Acute fatal diarrhea disease with liver necrosis: Tyzzer’s disease

49
Q

C. sordellii

A

Fatal myositis and hepatic disease in ruminants and horses

50
Q

C. colinum

A

Causes ulcerative enteritis and necrotizing hepatitis of fowl

51
Q

C. spiroforme

A

Mucoid enteritis and antibiotic induced enteritis in rabbits

Bacteriology (44 decks)

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