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Bacteriology > Unit 1- Resistance > Flashcards

Unit 1- Resistance Flashcards

1
Q

Therapeutic Antimicrobials

A

Used to treat an individual when they are sick

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2
Q

Metaphylactic Antimicrobials

A

Treat the entire herd when one patient is sick

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3
Q

Prophylactic Antimicrobials

A

Seasonal prescription of a drug to prevent infection of the most susceptible population

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4
Q

Growth Promotion Antibiotics

A

Increases weight gain, banned in EU and USA

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5
Q

Biofilms

A

Bacteria are hibernating until conditions are good to continue growing, highly resistant in this stage

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6
Q

Plankton

A

Living moving phase of life

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7
Q

Classical Gram +

A

Several layers of peptidoglycan in cell wall with lipoic acid

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8
Q

Mycobacterium

A

Peptidoglycan in cell wall is covered by mycolic acid

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9
Q

Classical Gram -

A

Outer membrane is made up of proteins and LPS

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10
Q

Chlamydia

A

Cell wall without peptidoglycan and outer membrane with proteins and LPS

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11
Q

Mycoplasma

A

No cell wall, sterols in cell membrane

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12
Q

Targets of Antimicrobials

A

Cell wall synthesis, folic acid synthesis, protein synthesis, mRNA, DNA synthesis

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13
Q

Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms

A

reduced membrane permeability, efflux pumping, drug inactivation by enzymes, target site modification

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14
Q

Biofilm Protection

A

Extracellular matrix, thick communities, low nutrient and oxygen supply, dormant cell in center

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15
Q

Tetracycline AMR

A

Acquire efflux transporter genes or increase expression to pump drugs out of cytoplasm

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16
Q

Chloramphenicol AMR

A

Change 50S drug target site

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17
Q

Rifamycin AMR

A

Change RNA polymerase drug target site

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18
Q

Quinolones AMR

A

Change Topoisomerase drug target site

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19
Q

Beta Lactam AMR

A

Enzymes that destroy or modify drugs encoded by plasmids

20
Q

Amonoglycoside AMR

A

Enzymes that destroy or enzymatically modify the drug encoded by plasmid

21
Q

Beta Lactam AMR in G+

A

Change in binding site of beta lactams

22
Q

Beta Lactam AMR in G-

A

Beta lactamase enzyme production

23
Q

ESBL Plasmid

A

Conveys resistance to penicillin, cephalosporin, and monobactam

24
Q

Carbapenemase Plasmid

A

Conveys multidrug resistance to all beta lactams

25
Q

Vertical Gene Transfer

A

Resistance is acquired from parent cells

26
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

Resistance is acquired from free DNA in nature, plasmids, or bacterophages

27
Q

Guidelines for AMR detection

A

CLSI, EUCAST, or ISO

28
Q

ESKAPE

A

Top AMR species: Enterococcus, S. aureus, K. pneumonidae, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter

29
Q

Fast Growing 24 hour species

A

Enterobacteriaceae, other gram negative bacilli, and non fastidious gram positives

30
Q

Slow growing species that need special media

A

Fastidious organisms, bioterrorism agents, and anaerobic microbes

31
Q

Mannitol salt agar

A

Used for Staphylococcus, enterococcus, listeria, and micrococcaceae

32
Q

Edward media

A

Used for Streptococcus and Enterococcus

33
Q

Kenner-fecal agar media

A

Selective media for Enterococcus

34
Q

MacConkey agar

A

Used for Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus

35
Q

Aerobic Bacteria Broth Media

A

Cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton

36
Q

Aerobic Bacteria Agar Media

A

Cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton

37
Q

Anaerobic Bacteria Broth Media

A

brucella broth + hemin, vitamin K, and horse blood

38
Q

Anaerobic Bacteria Agar Media

A

Brucella blood agar + hemin, vitamin K, and horse blood

39
Q

Disc Diffusion

A

Dilute antibiotics, immerse filter paper and cut to size, place discs on a plate swabbed with bacteria, incubate, and measure diameter of inhibition zone

40
Q

E Test

A

Make serial dilution of antibiotics, immerse filter paper, cut paper to strips, place strips on a plate swabbed with bacteria, determine last dilution that inhibited growth to determine minimum inhibitory concentration

41
Q

Agar Dilution

A

Serially dilute agar with antibiotics and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration

42
Q

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

A

Last concentration that inhibited bacterial growth

43
Q

Macrodilution

A

Create serial dilutions of each antimicrobial, inoculate bacteria, determine minimum inhibitory concentration

44
Q

Microdilution

A

Create serial dilutions in micro plate, inoculate and incubate, determine minimum inhibitory concentration

45
Q

Quality Control

A

Include genetically stable known reference bacteria strains, results should match set standards

46
Q

Control spreading AMR

A

Surveillance, educate, find alternatives

Bacteriology (44 decks)

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