The making of America: how the lives of americans changed 1877-1900. Flashcards
define reservation.
areas of government owned land where Na lived. managed by a Na tribe under the US bureau of Indian affairs.
what were the changes faced by Na?
forced onto reservations, destruction of the buffalo, destruction of Na culture.
case study: when did general custer die?
battle little bighorn.
case study: what did the death of custer lead to?
outrage from US government- wanted to put an end to the issues of Na.
case study: what happened after the battle of little bighorn?
sitting bull and followers escaped to Canada . by 1881 they were running out of food so returned to US and surrendered.
case study: once sitting bull surrendered where was he and his followers sent?
rounded up and sent to the standing rock reservation in south dakota.
case study: what was the 1889 sioux act?
6 small reservations were created in south west dakota which broke up the old great sioux reservation.
case study: why were life on reservations bad?
poor farm land, dependant on government handouts, rampant disease, dealing with corrupt Indian affair officials and a crisis for young who had no way to gain prestige or maintain their culture as warriors.
case study: what parts of Na culture and society were not able to continue?
being a warrior/ hunter- increase status and respect.
not owning land/ respecting it- now own land.
can’t follow/ hunt buffalo.
move from nomadic to agricultural lifestyle - have to rely on government and land.
change for native americans: destruction of buffalo: as railroads moved out across the west what did they bring with them to do what?
hunters. hunted buffalo that plains indians relied on.
change for native americans: destruction of buffalo: how much could a hunter earn from killing a single buffalo and how many could they kill in a day?
$3-20.
100 a day.
change for native americans: destruction of buffalo: how many buffalos were killed by the 1840’s and what did that mean?
as many as 3 million.
vast herds were nearly gone.
change for native americans: destruction of buffalo: why was the destruction one of the main causes of tension between Na and Wa?
without buffalo Na on plains would struggle to retain/ return to a nomadic way of life.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: when did US government start taking further measures to force Na to be more like Wa then destroy the Na culture even more?
from 1877-1900.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: how did the government try to destroy Na culture?
education and religion.
friends of indians.
the daws act.
ending the ghost dance.
destroying Na culture: education and religion- what were indigenous people required to do?
set up governments structures which mirrored US ones.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: education and religion- what were minor chiefs offered, what were the conditions and when was this offered?
gain power.
agreed to co-operate with government agents.
others like sitting bull refused.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: education and religion- what was the role of reservation governments?
employ law enforcers to ensure rules were followed by everyone.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: education and religion- in 1885 what did indigenous people loose?
power to run own courts and government took.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: education and religion- what were nomadic people encouraged to live in, instead of what?
houses and lodged instead of tipis.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: education and religion- why was their a gradual decrease of those living in tipis?
partly because of lack of buffalo skins.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: education and religion- what were indigenous people made to convert to (religion) and what could happened if they didn’t?
Christianity.
those who continued traditional practises and rituals could arrested and imprisoned.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: education and religion- what did the loss of the buffalo mean in terms of traditional rituals?
made them impossible to do.
rituals forced underground and would only appear when used for the entertainment of white people.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: education and religion- why were many children sent away from reservations?
become educated in boarding schools ran by Wa.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: education and religion- what were children taught in the boarding schools and what would happen if they didn’t use it?
speak english as their first language- if spoke their own languages whilst at school they were often beaten.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: education and religion- how were the girls dressed and what were they taught?
victorian costume.
sew and play piano.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: education and religion- what were the boys taught?
read and write.
told own peoples beliefs and rituals were backwards and outdated.
their history lessons taught them Wa were victims.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: education and religion- when the children went to school; what were they required to do and how was it done?
change their names.
eg: one lakota child Ota kte (later Luther standing bear) explained ‘i was told to take a pointer and select a name for myself from the list written on the blackboard. i did and since one was as good as another….i placed the pointer on the name Luther.’
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: friends of the indians- when was group created and what was its purpose?
1883.
formed to campaign for indigenous rights.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: friends of indians- what were their aims?
help Na to become educated and Christian citizens of the US.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: friends of indians- by what date were friends of the indians policies changing almost all Na lives?
1887.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: friends of indians- what did they help do which was of benefit to Na but then what didn’t they do which had a negative impact on Na?
helped root out/ remove corrupt agents who took government money but didn’t supply reservations with enough food or medical care.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: friends of indians- what did they set up and why?
more off-reservation boarding schools so that indigenous children could ‘escape’ their roots.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: friends of indians- who became the first female Dr in US after graduating from one of these schools and when?
1889 Susan la fleche picotte.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: friends of indians- when did they persuade the government to pass dawe’s act?
1887.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: friends of indians- what was the dawe’s act?
offered an individual Na 160 acres of land and full US citizenship if they gave up their right to hold land as part of a tribe.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: dawes act- what could they swap lost tribe land for and how much land did they loose?
millions of acres of Na land which was owned as a group but lost in return for 160 acres of land to own individually.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: dawes act- what did the government offer in 1889?
land given up by individuals who participated in dawes act for sale.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: dawes act- how many acres of land were sold in a single day in oaklahoma, who brought this land and what was this event later known as?
1,920,000 acres of land in oklahoma were sold to homesteaders and land speculators.
became known as: oklahoma land rush.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: dawes act- by 1900 how much of land indigenous peoples land held in 1877 had been taken?
2/3.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: ending the ghost dance- what was it classed as?
religion.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: ending the ghost dance- what teachings did it follow, and what did those involved in it believe?
paiute named Wovoka. believed: if they danced and prayed for long enough a saviour would come and return the buffalo and sweep whites from the land like a great flood.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: ending the ghost dance- what did Wa think about the ghost dance and why? what rumour surface regarding sitting bull?
Wa living near reservations became increasingly concerned as movement spread through dakota. sitting bull was planning on joining the ghost dance.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: ending the ghost dance- what did one reservation agent write to the government regarding the ghost dance?
‘we need protection and we need now. indians are dancing in the snow and are wild and crazy.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: ending the ghost dance- what was the response by the government to the ghost dance?
US army sent to arrest ghost dancers. lakota sioux police told to go and arrest sitting bull, remaining dancers tried to escape. chased down by general miles.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: ending the ghost dance- who was general miles now in control of?
custers old seventh cavalry.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: ending the ghost dance- where did miles find the remaining ghost dancers and what did he do?
wounded knee.
despite them being defenceless shots fired as miles troops tried to disarm the camp- in response miles ordered troops to open fire, cannons rolled out and the Hotchkiss machine guns hurled shell after shell at ghost dancers.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: ending the ghost dance- when the smoke cleared what did a journalist state that he saw?
group of children he had previously seen playing were dead ‘cut like grass before the sickle.’ their bodies were loaded into a mass grave along with over 250 other men, women and children slaughtered in the massacre.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: ending the ghost dance- on 15 january 1891 what did the remaining ghost dancers do?
remaining 4000 ghost dancers surrendered.
change for native americans: destruction of Na culture: ending the ghost dance- despite government efforts what wasn’t gone but what was a positive for them instead?
indigenous peoples weren’t wiped out by 1900 but it would take decades and lots of actions by Na peoples for things to begin to improve.
