Renal clearance, glomerular filtration and renal blood flow Flashcards
A renal clearance ratio (greater than, less than, equal to) one describes a substance that is either not filtered or is filtered but REABSORBED
LESS THAN
A renal clearance ratio (greater than, less than, equal to) one describes a substance that is a glomerular marker - filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted.
EQUAL
The renal clearance of any substance can be compared with the clearance of , a substance that is freely filtered and neither reabsorbed nor secreted.
Inulin
The renal clearance ratio is calculated by dividing the clearance of substance X by the clearance of .
Inulin
Na+, Cl-, phosphate, glucose, and albumin have
renal clearance ratios (greater than, less than, equal to) less than one.
LESS THAN
Intracellular osmolarity is (greater than, less than, equal to) to extracellular osmolarity in the steady state.
EQUAL
A renal clearance ratio (greater than, less than, equal to) one describes a substance that is both filtered and secreted.
GREATER THAN
The body undergoes numerous physiological changes during pregnancy Which of the following statements does NOT describe one of these changes?
Decreased glomerular filtration rate
Glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow increase by about 50% in pregnancy leading to decreased BUN and creatinine on laboratory examination.
Major Takeaway:
Physiologic changes of pregnancy
occur as the mother’s body adapts to support the growing fetus. These include cardiovascular, respiratory, renal , immunologic, and endocrine adaptations.
The glomerular capillary barrier has (positively/negatively) charged glycoproteins on all layers of the filtration barrier.
NEGATIVELY
Between podocyte foot processes are small which are an important filtration barrier.
Filtration slits
(Negatively/Positively) charged solutes will be less readily filtered at the glomerular capillary barrier because of the net glycoprotein charge.
Negatively
Loss of negative charges on the glomerular capillary barrier, as seen in some diseases, will result in (increased/decreased) filtration of plasma proteins.
INCREASED
The cell layer of the glomerular filtration barrier contains relatively large pores; though they are small enough to prevent filtration of blood cells.
Endothelial
(Large/Small) solutes are more readily filtered across the glomerular capillary barrier.
Small
The glomerular filtration barrier has (number) layers.
3
endothelium
basement membrane
epithelium
The most significant barrier of filtration of plasma proteins in the glomerular capillary is the .
Basement membrane
The concentration of para-aminohippuric acid in the renal vein is assumed to be .
0
is an organic acid used to estimate renal plasma flow.
Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH)
Effective renal plasma flow often (overestimates/underestimates) true renal plasma flow by around 10%.
Underestimates
Effective renal plasma flow equals the clearance of .
PAH
The principle, applied to the kidney, states that the amount of a substance entering the kidney through the renal artery equals the amount leaving the kidney via the renal vein and urine.
Fick Principle
The concentration of para-aminohippuric acid in peripheral veins is (more than, less than, equal to) the concentration in the renal artery.
EQUAL
Renal blood flow equals divided by (1 minus the hematocrit).
Renal Plasma Flow
Almost all of para-aminohippuric acid is (reabsorbed/secreted/excreted) .
Excreted
The estimated renal plasma flow divided by 1 minus the hematocrit is the equation for .
Renal Blood Flow
Prostaglandin E2 and I2 are produced by the
kidneys and cause (vasodilation/constriction) vasodilation of efferent and afferent
arterioles
.
VASODILATION
There are more alpha-1 adrenergic receptors on (afferent/efferent) arterioles of the kidney.
afferent arterioles
There are more alpha-1 adrenergic receptors on (afferent/efferent) arterioles of the kidney.
Afferent arterioles
(Afferent/Efferent) arterioles of the kidney are more sensitive to angiotensin II.
Efferent arterioles
levels of angiotensin II produce a decrease in glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow.
HIGH
Activation of sympathetic nerve
fibers to the afferent and efferent arterioles of the kidney cause (vasoconstriction/vasorelaxation)
Vasoconstriction
Atrial natriuretic peptide overall causes a(n) (increase/decrease) in renal blood flow.
INCREASE
