Basal Ganglia

Question 1

Basal Ganglia components

Answer 1

striatum
globus pallidus
subthalamic nuclei
substantia nigra

Question 2

Primary function of basal ganglia

Answer 2

Planning and programming of movement

Question 3

Main neurotransmitter

Answer 3

GABA

Question 4

NT b/w striatum and substantia nigra

Answer 4

Dopamine

Question 5

(-) the INHIBITORY INDIRECT pathway

Answer 5

D2 receptors

Question 6

(+) the EXCITATORY DIRECT pathway

Answer 6

D1 receptors

Question 7

Releases GLUTAMATE –> excites globus pallidus, internal segment

Answer 7

Subthalamic nucleus

Question 8

Releases GABA –> (-) thalamus

Answer 8

Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata

Question 9

Releases Dopamine –> (-) striatum

Answer 9

Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta

Question 10

Releases Ach –> (-) Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata

Answer 10

Striatum

Question 11

Releases GABA –> (-) subthalamic nucleus

Answer 11

Globus Pallidus External Segment

Question 12

Lesion in the Globus pallidus

Answer 12

Inability to maintain posture

Question 13

Lesion in the Subthalamic Nucleus

Answer 13

Wild, flailing movements

hemiballismus

Question 14

Lesion in the Striatum

Answer 14

Quick, continuous, uncontrollable movements (i.e. Huntington disease)

Question 15

Lesion in the Substantia Nigra

Answer 15

Tremors, cogwheel Rigidity, reduced voluntary movements (Akinesia), Postural problems (TRAP) - Parkinson’s Disease

Question 16

Generates movement plan

Answer 16

Pre-Motor Cortex and Supplementary Motor Cortex (BA 6)

Question 17

Executes movement

Epileptic event here causes JACKSONIAN SEIZURES (focal partial seizure)

Answer 17

Primary Motor Cortex (BA 4)

Question 18

Caused by functional hemisection of the spinal cord

(+) contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation beginning 1-2 segments below the lesion

(+) ipsilateral weakness and spasticity in certain muscles groups

Answer 18

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

Question 19

(+) degeneration and loss of motor neurons in the motor cortex, spinal cord, brain stem and corticospinal tract

does NOT usually affect sensation

may present with UMN or LMN

Answer 19

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Question 20

Have negative nitrogen balance as they catabolize large amounts of body protein because they are paralyzed below the level of transection

Answer 20

Patients w/ Transected Spinal Cords

Question 21

Include Fragile X, Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, Huntington Disease, Friedreich Ataxia

Answer 21

Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases