Neurotransmitters

Question 1

Created by CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE from acetyl CoA and Choline

Degraded by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE

Answer 1

ACETYLCHOLINE

inhibitory or excitatory
triggers REM sleep

DECREASED - Huntington’s dementia and Alzheimer’s dementia

Question 2

Found in the LOCUS COERULEUS of PONS

neuromodulator in the CNS and neuroTRANSMITTER in the PNS

Answer 2

NOREPINEPHRINE

synthesized INSIDE synaptic vesicles
primary NT from POST ganglionic sympa neurons
for arousal/wakefullness

Question 3

Secreted mainly by ADRENAL MEDULLA

greater BETA 2 action than NE

Answer 3

EPINEPHRINE

Question 4

Secreted in the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA (fine tunes movement)

also secreted by the HYPOTHALAMUS (PIF or PIH) to (-) prolactin

Answer 4

DOPAMINE

DECREASED in Parkinson
INCREASED in Schizophrenia

Question 5

Found in the MEDIAN RAPHE of the BRAIN STEM

From TRYPTOPHAN converted MELATONIN

Answer 5

SEROTONIN

low levels associated w/ depression

Question 6

Permeant gas, INHIBITORY NT, VASODILATOR

Answer 6

NITRIC OXIDE

NO synthase converts ARGININE to citrulline and NO

Question 7

SPINAL CORD main INHIBITORY NT

Answer 7

Glycine

Question 8

BRAIN main INHIBITORY NT

Answer 8

GABA

increases Cl influx (GABAa)
decreases anxiety (GABAa)

increases K efflux (GABAb)

Question 9

GABA receptors in the retina

Answer 9

GABA A - ionotropic; ubiquitous
GABA B - metabotropic
GABA C - ionotropic; ENRICHED in the retina compared to the other parts of the body

Question 10

BRAIN main EXCITATORY NT

Formed from reactive amination of alpha-ketoglutarate

Answer 10

Glutamate

Question 11

Inhibits neurons in the brain involved in pain perception (enkephalin, endorphins, dynorphins); does NOT include morphine - exogenous

Answer 11

Opioid Peptide

Question 12

Involved in FAST and SLOW pain

Answer 12

Slow Pain - Substance P

Fast Pain - Glutamate

Question 13

G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR) that utilizes second messengers like IP3/DAG or cAMP

Answer 13

METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS

e.g., GABAB receptor, Neurokinin receptor, Opioid Receptors

Question 14

Ion-channel linked-receptors that utilizes ligand-gated ion channels

Answer 14

IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS

e.g., GABAA Receptor (Cl-), Nicotinic Receptor (Na+, K+), NMDA Receptor (Ca2+), Glycine Receptor (Cl-), ANP receptor, 5HT3 receptor

Question 15

3 Types of Opioid Receptors

Answer 15

Kappa: analgesia, diuresis, sedation, meiosis, dysphoria

Mu: site of action of morphine, causes analgesia, respiratory depression, constipation, euphoria, sedation, meiosis, increased GH and prolactin

Delta: analgesia