Physiology in Special Environments

Question 1

The energy system used in the first 10 seconds of athletic competitions

Answer 1

PHOSPHAGEN ENERGY SYSTEM

Question 2

After 10 seconds and for the next 2 minutes this is used up

Answer 2

GLYCOGEN LACTIC ACID SYSTEM

Question 3

This is used for unlimited time as long as with energy supply

Answer 3

AEROBIC SYSTEM

Question 4

Supply 50% energy requirement after 3-4 hrs after glycogen lactic system used up

Answer 4

FATS

Question 5

Used by athletes to increase muscle strenght

Answer 5

Creatine (converted to phosphorylcreatine that increases ATP)

Question 6

Greatest determinant of muscle strength

Answer 6

Muscle size

Question 7

Source of most energy used for long term muscle contraction

Answer 7

Oxidative Metabolism

Question 8

Maximum safe depth for diving

Answer 8

200 ft

Question 9

Caused by rapid ASCENT in diving

Answer 9

nitrogen bubble formation in the blood –> DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS

Bends - pain in the extremities
Chokes - difficulty breathing

Question 10

Positive G

Answer 10

MORE dangerous
blood shunted to LOWER EXTREMITIES

+20G –> vertebral fracture

Question 11

Negative G

Answer 11

LESS dangerous
blood shunted to HEAD

+6 - +10G –> blackouts, LOC, death

+20G –> death

Question 12

In an unacclimatized person, ACUTE EFFECTS are felt at

Answer 12

12 000 feet

Question 13

In an Unacclimatized person, SEIZURES are felt at

Answer 13

18 000 feet

Question 14

In an Unacclimatized person, DEATH are felt at

Answer 14

23 000 feet

Question 15

Natural Acclimatization

Answer 15

larger heart, lungs, shorter height

Question 16

Mechanisms for Acclimatization

Answer 16

INCREASED RR –> respiratory alkalosis –> renal compensation –> normal pH

POLYCYTHEMIA via EPO –> 2,3 BPG –> shift of R of O2 dissociation curve

INCREASED DIFFUCSING CAPACITY FOR OXYGEN

ANGIOGENESIS

INCREASED MITOCHONDRIA

Question 17

High altitude predisposes to

Answer 17

HYPOCALCEMIC TETANY (i.e. calf cramping)
plasma proteins are more ionized under alkalotic conditions which provide more protein anion to bind with calcium --> hypocalcemia

Question 18

Returns to normal after acclimatization

Answer 18

Cardiac Output