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Physiology > GI Motility > Flashcards

GI Motility Flashcards

1
Q

The nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic innervation to the upper gastrointestinal tract, up to part of the transverse colon.

A

Vagus nerve

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2
Q

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers of the gastrointestinal tract synapse on ganglia on the plexuses, or directly innervate smooth muscle, endocrine or secretory cell

A

Myenteric and Submucosal

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3
Q

The (intrinsic/extrinsic) component of the autonomic nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract is composed of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic division.

A

Extrinsic

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4
Q

The nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic innervation to the lower gastrointestinal tract, from part of the transverse colon to the end.

A

Pelvic Nerve

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5
Q

Postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract can be either cholinergic or .

A

Peptidergic

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6
Q

The gastrointestinal tract is served by four sympathetic ganglia: celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and .

A

Sympathetic Ganglia (GIT)

  • Celiac
  • Superior Mesenteric
  • Inferior Mesenteric
  • Hypogastic
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7
Q

The reflexes occurring in the gastrointestinal tract are termed reflexes when they involve the central nervous system centers.

A

Long

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8
Q

Since the vagus nerve is a mixed nerve, carrying both efferent and afferent fibers, it can trigger reflexes known as reflexes.

A

Vagovagal Reflexes

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9
Q

The reflexes occurring in the gastrointestinal tract are termed reflexes when they are mediated entirely by the enteric nervous system.

A

Short reflexes

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10
Q

The intrinsic or enteric nervous system (can/can not) direct the functions of the gastrointestinal tract in the absence of the extrinsic nervous system.

A

CAN

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11
Q

The (intrinsic/extrinsic) component of the autonomic nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract is called the enteric nervous system.

A

Intrinsic

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12
Q

Peptidergic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract release mediators such as and vasoactive intestinal peptide.

A

Substance P

VIP

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13
Q

The part of the autonomic nervous system contained by the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of the gastrointestinal system is called nervous system

A

Enteric Nervous System

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14
Q

The (primary/secondary) peristaltic wave in the esophagus begins at the site of distension to clear all food.

A

Secondary

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15
Q

The (primary/secondary) peristaltic wave in the esophagus is coordinated by the swallowing reflex.

A

Primary

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16
Q

During rest, the pressure at the lower esophageal sphincter is (higher/lower) than the pressure in the esophagus.

A

Higher

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17
Q

The function of the (upper/lower) esophageal sphincter is to prevent air from entering the esophagus

A

Upper

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18
Q

When standing or sitting, the primary peristaltic contraction in the esophagus is aided by .

A

Gravity

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19
Q

Before the esophageal peristaltic wave reaches the end of the esophagus, the sphincter relaxes reflexively to let food into the stomach.

A

Gastroesophageal sphincter

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20
Q

The (primary/secondary) peristaltic wave in the esophagus is coordinated by the enteric nervous system.

A

Secondary

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21
Q

Intraesophageal pressure is (lower/higher) than abdominal pressure due to the intrathoracic location of the esophagus.

A

LOWER

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22
Q

Intraesophageal pressure is (equal/unequal) to thoracic pressure.

A

EQUAL

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23
Q

The opening of the lower esophageal sphincter is mediated by the neurotransmitter , which is released by the vagus nerve.

A

VIP

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24
Q

The function of the (upper/lower) esophageal sphincter is to prevent acidic chyme from entering the esophagus.

A

Lower

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25
Q

The vasoactive intestinal peptide produces (relaxation/contraction) in the smooth muscle of the lower esophageal sphincter.

A

Relaxation

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26
Q

May occur if the loweresophageal sphincter does not relax during swallowing and food accumulats in the esophagus

A

Achalasia

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27
Q

The contractile rhythm of the stomach’s peristaltic waves is set by the enteric cells.

A

Pacemaker (Interstitial cells of Cajal)

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28
Q

Contractions in the caudad region of the stomach finish mixing the chyme and help propel it into the .

A

Small Intestine

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29
Q

Intrinsic factor is required to absorb vitamin in the ileum.

A

Vitamin B12

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30
Q

Gastrin stimulates parietal cells to secrete hydrogen ions (directly/indirectly) by causing the release of histamine from enterochromaffin-like cells.

A

Indirectly

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31
Q

The vagus nerve innervates the G cells of the stomach by releasing the neurotransmitter peptide.

A

Gstrin Releasing Peptide

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32
Q

Because the wave of contraction in the stomach closes the , much of the chyme that was destined for the duodenum is propelled back to the body of the stomach for further mixing.

A

Pylorus

33
Q

The orad region of the stomach has a (thinner/thicker) muscle wall than the caudad region of the stomach.

A

Thinner

34
Q

The antrum of the stomach contains glands that contain G cells and mucous cells.

A

PYLORIC glands

35
Q

A high concentration of hydrogen ions in the stomach (inhibits/stimulates) gastrin secretion.

A

Inhibits

36
Q

The muscle layer unique to the stomach is the inner (longitudinal/circular/oblique) layer.

A

Inner Oblique

37
Q

The stomach receives (extrinsic/intrinsic) innervation through the myenteric and submucosal plexuses.

A

Intrinsic

38
Q

The myenteric plexus of the stomach receives (parasympathetic/sympathetic) innervating fibers from the vagus nerve.

A

Parasympathetic

39
Q

The muscular stomach wall has an (outer/inner) longitudinal layer.

A

Outer longitudinal

40
Q

Isotonic contents empty from the stomach more (quickly/slowly) than hypotonic or hypertonic contents.

A

Quickly

41
Q

The hydrochloric acid secreted by the parietal cells acidifies stomach contents so that inactive pepsinogen can be converted to active .

A

Pepsin

42
Q

relaxation is when the orad region of the stomach relaxes due to the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter.

A

Receptive

43
Q

The thickness of the stomach muscle lining (increases/decreases) as it becomes more distal from the gastroesophageal sphincter.

A

Increases

44
Q

Receptive relaxation is mediated by vagus nerves acting on enteric nerves that release serotonin and .

A

NO

45
Q

Chief cells and mucous cells in the stomach secrete the inactive precursor .

A

Pepsinogen

46
Q

The body of the stomach contains chief cells within oxyntic glands which secrete to digest proteins.

A

Pepsinogen

47
Q

Somatostatin inhibits hydrochloric acid secretion from parietal cells indirectly by inhibiting the release of and histamine.

A

Gastrin

48
Q

Sympathetic stimulation (increases/decreases) the frequency of action potentials and the force of contraction in the stomach.

A

Decreases

49
Q

The major (inhibitory/stimulatory) mechanism for hydrochloric acid secretion by parietal cells is through somatostatin.

A

Inhibitory

50
Q

Acetylcholine (stimulates/inhibits) gastric parietal cells directly by binding to muscarinic receptors.

A

Stimulates

51
Q

Acetylcholine stimulates gastric parietal cells indirectly by stimulating cells to release histamine.

A

Enterochromaffin like cells

52
Q

The stomach receives (extrinsic/intrinsic) innervation through the autonomic nervous system.

A

Extrinsic

53
Q

Alcohol and caffeine (stimulate/inhibit) gastric hydrochloric acid secretion.

A

Stimulate

54
Q

Neural and hormonal input to the stomach (does/does not) influence the frequency of slow waves.

A

does NOT

55
Q

There are three anatomic divisions of the stomach: the fundus, body, and .

A

fundus
body
antrum

56
Q

Distension of the stomach wall activates -secreting cells to initiate more vigorous mixing.

A

Gatsrin secreting cells

57
Q

The presence of fat in the stomach (increases/decreases) gastric emptying time.

A

Increases

58
Q

The stimuli for hydrochloric acid secretion by the parietal cells in the phase include tasting, smelling, and chewing.

A

Cephalic phase

59
Q

Gastric motility is (increased/decreased) when the enteric nervous system in the duodenum detects a low pH so that there is adequate time for neutralization.

A

Decreased

60
Q

Amino acids and small peptides directly stimulate cells in the antrum of the stomach to release gastrin into circulation.

A

G cells

61
Q

Somatostatin is secreted by cells to bind directly to parietal cells which causes a decrease in hydrochloric acid secretion.

A

D cells

62
Q

The hydrogen ion that is secreted into the stomach lumen comes from the dissociation of acid in parietal cells.

A

Carbonic acid

63
Q

The body of the stomach contains parietal cells within oxyntic glands which secrete hydrochloric acid and factor.

A

Intrinsic Factor

64
Q

Hydrogen ions are secreted out of parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach through a (secondary/primary) active process.

A

Primary

65
Q

The mucous neck cells within the pyloric glands of the stomach secrete mucus and to neutralize the acidic stomach contents.

A

Bicarbonate

66
Q

The process of in the stomach forces chyme in the pylorus to be recycled back to the body of the stomach for more mixing.

A

Retropulsion

67
Q

The stimuli for HCL secretion during the ______ phase include distention of the stomach and presnce of protein products

A

Gastric phase

68
Q

Gastrin secreted by the G cells in the antrum of the stomach binds to cholecystokinin B receptors on cells to stimulate hydrogen ion secretion.

A

Parietal

69
Q

The muscular stomach wall has an (outer/inner) longitudinal layer.

A

OUTER

70
Q

The absorbed into the bloodstream is responsible for the alkaline tide in gastric venous blood after a meal.

A

Bicarbonate

71
Q

Pepsinogen is only secreted when the hydrogen ion concentration is (high/low) enough that it can be converted to pepsin.

A

HIGH

72
Q

The G cells within pyloric glands of the stomach secrete gastrin into the (duct/circulation) .

A

Circulation

73
Q

The stomach can hold large amounts of food without drastically increasing internal pressure due to the plasticity afforded by the mechanism of gastric .

A

Accomodation

74
Q

Gastrin secreted into the bloodstream reaches parietal cells by a(n) (endocrine/local diffusion) mechanism.

A

Endocrine

75
Q

Liquids empty from the stomach more (quickly/slowly) than solids.

A

Quickly

76
Q

A vagovagal reflex that is inititiated by distention of the stomach and abolished by vagotomy

A

Recetptive Relaxation

77
Q

Participates in the receptive relaxatio by increasing distensibilty of the orad and stomach

A

CCK

78
Q

This occur at 90 minutes intervals and clear the stomach of residual food

A

Migrating Myoelectric Complex

mediated by MOTILIN

Physiology (98 decks)

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